ugorji__go/codec/codec_test.go

// Copyright (c) 2012-2015 Ugorji Nwoke. All rights reserved.
// Use of this source code is governed by a MIT license found in the LICENSE file.

package codec

// Test works by using a slice of interfaces.
// It can test for encoding/decoding into/from a nil interface{}
// or passing the object to encode/decode into.
//
// There are basically 2 main tests here.
// First test internally encodes and decodes things and verifies that
// the artifact was as expected.
// Second test will use python msgpack to create a bunch of golden files,
// read those files, and compare them to what it should be. It then
// writes those files back out and compares the byte streams.
//
// Taken together, the tests are pretty extensive.
//
// The following manual tests must be done:
//   - TestCodecUnderlyingType
//   - Set fastpathEnabled to false and run tests (to ensure that regular reflection works).
//     We don't want to use a variable there so that code is ellided.

import (
	"bytes"
	"encoding/gob"
	"flag"
	"fmt"
	"io/ioutil"
	"math"
	"math/rand"
	"net"
	"net/rpc"
	"os"
	"os/exec"
	"path/filepath"
	"reflect"
	"runtime"
	"strconv"
	"strings"
	"sync/atomic"
	"testing"
	"time"
)

func init() {
	testInitFlags()
	testPreInitFns = append(testPreInitFns, testInit)
}

type testVerifyArg int

const (
	testVerifyMapTypeSame testVerifyArg = iota
	testVerifyMapTypeStrIntf
	testVerifyMapTypeIntfIntf
	// testVerifySliceIntf
	testVerifyForPython
)

const testSkipRPCTests = false

var (
	testVerbose        bool
	testInitDebug      bool
	testUseIoEncDec    bool
	testStructToArray  bool
	testCanonical      bool
	testUseReset       bool
	testWriteNoSymbols bool
	testSkipIntf       bool
	testInternStr      bool
	testUseMust        bool
	testCheckCircRef   bool
	testJsonIndent     int

	skipVerifyVal interface{} = &(struct{}{})

	testMapStrIntfTyp = reflect.TypeOf(map[string]interface{}(nil))

	// For Go Time, do not use a descriptive timezone.
	// It's unnecessary, and makes it harder to do a reflect.DeepEqual.
	// The Offset already tells what the offset should be, if not on UTC and unknown zone name.
	timeLoc        = time.FixedZone("", -8*60*60) // UTC-08:00 //time.UTC-8
	timeToCompare1 = time.Date(2012, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2000, timeLoc).UTC()
	timeToCompare2 = time.Date(1900, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2000, timeLoc).UTC()
	timeToCompare3 = time.Unix(0, 270).UTC() // use value that must be encoded as uint64 for nanoseconds (for cbor/msgpack comparison)
	//timeToCompare4 = time.Time{}.UTC() // does not work well with simple cbor time encoding (overflow)
	timeToCompare4 = time.Unix(-2013855848, 4223).UTC()

	table              []interface{} // main items we encode
	tableVerify        []interface{} // we verify encoded things against this after decode
	tableTestNilVerify []interface{} // for nil interface, use this to verify (rules are different)
	tablePythonVerify  []interface{} // for verifying for python, since Python sometimes
	// will encode a float32 as float64, or large int as uint
	testRpcInt = new(TestRpcInt)
)

func testInitFlags() {
	// delete(testDecOpts.ExtFuncs, timeTyp)
	flag.BoolVar(&testVerbose, "tv", false, "Test Verbose")
	flag.BoolVar(&testInitDebug, "tg", false, "Test Init Debug")
	flag.BoolVar(&testUseIoEncDec, "ti", false, "Use IO Reader/Writer for Marshal/Unmarshal")
	flag.BoolVar(&testStructToArray, "ts", false, "Set StructToArray option")
	flag.BoolVar(&testWriteNoSymbols, "tn", false, "Set NoSymbols option")
	flag.BoolVar(&testCanonical, "tc", false, "Set Canonical option")
	flag.BoolVar(&testInternStr, "te", false, "Set InternStr option")
	flag.BoolVar(&testSkipIntf, "tf", false, "Skip Interfaces")
	flag.BoolVar(&testUseReset, "tr", false, "Use Reset")
	flag.IntVar(&testJsonIndent, "td", 0, "Use JSON Indent")
	flag.BoolVar(&testUseMust, "tm", true, "Use Must(En|De)code")
	flag.BoolVar(&testCheckCircRef, "tl", false, "Use Check Circular Ref")
}

func testByteBuf(in []byte) *bytes.Buffer {
	return bytes.NewBuffer(in)
}

type TestABC struct {
	A, B, C string
}

func (x *TestABC) MarshalBinary() ([]byte, error) {
	return []byte(fmt.Sprintf("%s %s %s", x.A, x.B, x.C)), nil
}
func (x *TestABC) MarshalText() ([]byte, error) {
	return []byte(fmt.Sprintf("%s %s %s", x.A, x.B, x.C)), nil
}
func (x *TestABC) MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error) {
	return []byte(fmt.Sprintf(`"%s %s %s"`, x.A, x.B, x.C)), nil
}

func (x *TestABC) UnmarshalBinary(data []byte) (err error) {
	ss := strings.Split(string(data), " ")
	x.A, x.B, x.C = ss[0], ss[1], ss[2]
	return
}
func (x *TestABC) UnmarshalText(data []byte) (err error) {
	return x.UnmarshalBinary(data)
}
func (x *TestABC) UnmarshalJSON(data []byte) (err error) {
	return x.UnmarshalBinary(data[1 : len(data)-1])
}

type TestABC2 struct {
	A, B, C string
}

func (x TestABC2) MarshalText() ([]byte, error) {
	return []byte(fmt.Sprintf("%s %s %s", x.A, x.B, x.C)), nil
}
func (x *TestABC2) UnmarshalText(data []byte) (err error) {
	ss := strings.Split(string(data), " ")
	x.A, x.B, x.C = ss[0], ss[1], ss[2]
	return
	// _, err = fmt.Sscanf(string(data), "%s %s %s", &x.A, &x.B, &x.C)
}

type TestRpcABC struct {
	A, B, C string
}

type TestRpcInt struct {
	i int
}

func (r *TestRpcInt) Update(n int, res *int) error      { r.i = n; *res = r.i; return nil }
func (r *TestRpcInt) Square(ignore int, res *int) error { *res = r.i * r.i; return nil }
func (r *TestRpcInt) Mult(n int, res *int) error        { *res = r.i * n; return nil }
func (r *TestRpcInt) EchoStruct(arg TestRpcABC, res *string) error {
	*res = fmt.Sprintf("%#v", arg)
	return nil
}
func (r *TestRpcInt) Echo123(args []string, res *string) error {
	*res = fmt.Sprintf("%#v", args)
	return nil
}

type testUnixNanoTimeExt struct {
	// keep timestamp here, so that do not incur interface-conversion costs
	ts int64
}

// func (x *testUnixNanoTimeExt) WriteExt(interface{}) []byte { panic("unsupported") }
// func (x *testUnixNanoTimeExt) ReadExt(interface{}, []byte) { panic("unsupported") }
func (x *testUnixNanoTimeExt) ConvertExt(v interface{}) interface{} {
	switch v2 := v.(type) {
	case time.Time:
		x.ts = v2.UTC().UnixNano()
	case *time.Time:
		x.ts = v2.UTC().UnixNano()
	default:
		panic(fmt.Sprintf("unsupported format for time conversion: expecting time.Time; got %T", v))
	}
	return &x.ts
}
func (x *testUnixNanoTimeExt) UpdateExt(dest interface{}, v interface{}) {
	// fmt.Printf("testUnixNanoTimeExt.UpdateExt: v: %v\n", v)
	tt := dest.(*time.Time)
	switch v2 := v.(type) {
	case int64:
		*tt = time.Unix(0, v2).UTC()
	case *int64:
		*tt = time.Unix(0, *v2).UTC()
	case uint64:
		*tt = time.Unix(0, int64(v2)).UTC()
	case *uint64:
		*tt = time.Unix(0, int64(*v2)).UTC()
	//case float64:
	//case string:
	default:
		panic(fmt.Sprintf("unsupported format for time conversion: expecting int64/uint64; got %T", v))
	}
	// fmt.Printf("testUnixNanoTimeExt.UpdateExt: v: %v, tt: %#v\n", v, tt)
}

func testVerifyVal(v interface{}, arg testVerifyArg) (v2 interface{}) {
	//for python msgpack,
	//  - all positive integers are unsigned 64-bit ints
	//  - all floats are float64
	switch iv := v.(type) {
	case int8:
		if iv >= 0 {
			v2 = uint64(iv)
		} else {
			v2 = int64(iv)
		}
	case int16:
		if iv >= 0 {
			v2 = uint64(iv)
		} else {
			v2 = int64(iv)
		}
	case int32:
		if iv >= 0 {
			v2 = uint64(iv)
		} else {
			v2 = int64(iv)
		}
	case int64:
		if iv >= 0 {
			v2 = uint64(iv)
		} else {
			v2 = int64(iv)
		}
	case uint8:
		v2 = uint64(iv)
	case uint16:
		v2 = uint64(iv)
	case uint32:
		v2 = uint64(iv)
	case uint64:
		v2 = uint64(iv)
	case float32:
		v2 = float64(iv)
	case float64:
		v2 = float64(iv)
	case []interface{}:
		m2 := make([]interface{}, len(iv))
		for j, vj := range iv {
			m2[j] = testVerifyVal(vj, arg)
		}
		v2 = m2
	case map[string]bool:
		switch arg {
		case testVerifyMapTypeSame:
			m2 := make(map[string]bool)
			for kj, kv := range iv {
				m2[kj] = kv
			}
			v2 = m2
		case testVerifyMapTypeStrIntf, testVerifyForPython:
			m2 := make(map[string]interface{})
			for kj, kv := range iv {
				m2[kj] = kv
			}
			v2 = m2
		case testVerifyMapTypeIntfIntf:
			m2 := make(map[interface{}]interface{})
			for kj, kv := range iv {
				m2[kj] = kv
			}
			v2 = m2
		}
	case map[string]interface{}:
		switch arg {
		case testVerifyMapTypeSame:
			m2 := make(map[string]interface{})
			for kj, kv := range iv {
				m2[kj] = testVerifyVal(kv, arg)
			}
			v2 = m2
		case testVerifyMapTypeStrIntf, testVerifyForPython:
			m2 := make(map[string]interface{})
			for kj, kv := range iv {
				m2[kj] = testVerifyVal(kv, arg)
			}
			v2 = m2
		case testVerifyMapTypeIntfIntf:
			m2 := make(map[interface{}]interface{})
			for kj, kv := range iv {
				m2[kj] = testVerifyVal(kv, arg)
			}
			v2 = m2
		}
	case map[interface{}]interface{}:
		m2 := make(map[interface{}]interface{})
		for kj, kv := range iv {
			m2[testVerifyVal(kj, arg)] = testVerifyVal(kv, arg)
		}
		v2 = m2
	case time.Time:
		switch arg {
		case testVerifyForPython:
			if iv2 := iv.UnixNano(); iv2 >= 0 {
				v2 = uint64(iv2)
			} else {
				v2 = int64(iv2)
			}
		default:
			v2 = v
		}
	default:
		v2 = v
	}
	return
}

func testInit() {
	gob.Register(new(TestStruc))
	if testInitDebug {
		ts0 := newTestStruc(2, false, !testSkipIntf, false)
		fmt.Printf("====> depth: %v, ts: %#v\n", 2, ts0)
	}

	for _, v := range testHandles {
		bh := v.getBasicHandle()
		bh.InternString = testInternStr
		bh.Canonical = testCanonical
		bh.CheckCircularRef = testCheckCircRef
		bh.StructToArray = testStructToArray
		// mostly doing this for binc
		if testWriteNoSymbols {
			bh.AsSymbols = AsSymbolNone
		} else {
			bh.AsSymbols = AsSymbolAll
		}
	}

	testJsonH.Indent = int8(testJsonIndent)
	testMsgpackH.RawToString = true

	// testMsgpackH.AddExt(byteSliceTyp, 0, testMsgpackH.BinaryEncodeExt, testMsgpackH.BinaryDecodeExt)
	// testMsgpackH.AddExt(timeTyp, 1, testMsgpackH.TimeEncodeExt, testMsgpackH.TimeDecodeExt)

	// add extensions for msgpack, simple for time.Time, so we can encode/decode same way.
	// use different flavors of XXXExt calls, including deprecated ones.
	// NOTE:
	// DO NOT set extensions for JsonH, so we can test json(M|Unm)arshal support.
	testSimpleH.AddExt(timeTyp, 1, timeExtEncFn, timeExtDecFn)
	testMsgpackH.SetBytesExt(timeTyp, 1, timeExt{})
	testCborH.SetInterfaceExt(timeTyp, 1, &testUnixNanoTimeExt{})
	// testJsonH.SetInterfaceExt(timeTyp, 1, &testUnixNanoTimeExt{})

	primitives := []interface{}{
		int8(-8),
		int16(-1616),
		int32(-32323232),
		int64(-6464646464646464),
		uint8(192),
		uint16(1616),
		uint32(32323232),
		uint64(6464646464646464),
		byte(192),
		float32(-3232.0),
		float64(-6464646464.0),
		float32(3232.0),
		float64(6464646464.0),
		false,
		true,
		nil,
		"someday",
		"",
		"bytestring",
		timeToCompare1,
		timeToCompare2,
		timeToCompare3,
		timeToCompare4,
	}
	mapsAndStrucs := []interface{}{
		map[string]bool{
			"true":  true,
			"false": false,
		},
		map[string]interface{}{
			"true":         "True",
			"false":        false,
			"uint16(1616)": uint16(1616),
		},
		//add a complex combo map in here. (map has list which has map)
		//note that after the first thing, everything else should be generic.
		map[string]interface{}{
			"list": []interface{}{
				int16(1616),
				int32(32323232),
				true,
				float32(-3232.0),
				map[string]interface{}{
					"TRUE":  true,
					"FALSE": false,
				},
				[]interface{}{true, false},
			},
			"int32":        int32(32323232),
			"bool":         true,
			"LONG STRING":  "123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890",
			"SHORT STRING": "1234567890",
		},
		map[interface{}]interface{}{
			true:       "true",
			uint8(138): false,
			"false":    uint8(200),
		},
		newTestStruc(0, false, !testSkipIntf, false),
	}

	table = []interface{}{}
	table = append(table, primitives...)    //0-19 are primitives
	table = append(table, primitives)       //20 is a list of primitives
	table = append(table, mapsAndStrucs...) //21-24 are maps. 25 is a *struct

	tableVerify = make([]interface{}, len(table))
	tableTestNilVerify = make([]interface{}, len(table))
	tablePythonVerify = make([]interface{}, len(table))

	lp := len(primitives)
	av := tableVerify
	for i, v := range table {
		if i == lp+3 {
			av[i] = skipVerifyVal
			continue
		}
		//av[i] = testVerifyVal(v, testVerifyMapTypeSame)
		switch v.(type) {
		case []interface{}:
			av[i] = testVerifyVal(v, testVerifyMapTypeSame)
		case map[string]interface{}:
			av[i] = testVerifyVal(v, testVerifyMapTypeSame)
		case map[interface{}]interface{}:
			av[i] = testVerifyVal(v, testVerifyMapTypeSame)
		default:
			av[i] = v
		}
	}

	av = tableTestNilVerify
	for i, v := range table {
		if i > lp+3 {
			av[i] = skipVerifyVal
			continue
		}
		av[i] = testVerifyVal(v, testVerifyMapTypeStrIntf)
	}

	av = tablePythonVerify
	for i, v := range table {
		if i > lp+3 {
			av[i] = skipVerifyVal
			continue
		}
		av[i] = testVerifyVal(v, testVerifyForPython)
	}

	tablePythonVerify = tablePythonVerify[:24]
}

func testUnmarshal(v interface{}, data []byte, h Handle) (err error) {
	return testCodecDecode(data, v, h)
}

func testMarshal(v interface{}, h Handle) (bs []byte, err error) {
	return testCodecEncode(v, nil, testByteBuf, h)
}

func testMarshalErr(v interface{}, h Handle, t *testing.T, name string) (bs []byte, err error) {
	if bs, err = testMarshal(v, h); err != nil {
		logT(t, "Error encoding %s: %v, Err: %v", name, v, err)
		t.FailNow()
	}
	return
}

func testUnmarshalErr(v interface{}, data []byte, h Handle, t *testing.T, name string) (err error) {
	if err = testUnmarshal(v, data, h); err != nil {
		logT(t, "Error Decoding into %s: %v, Err: %v", name, v, err)
		t.FailNow()
	}
	return
}

// doTestCodecTableOne allows us test for different variations based on arguments passed.
func doTestCodecTableOne(t *testing.T, testNil bool, h Handle,
	vs []interface{}, vsVerify []interface{}) {
	//if testNil, then just test for when a pointer to a nil interface{} is passed. It should work.
	//Current setup allows us test (at least manually) the nil interface or typed interface.
	logT(t, "================ TestNil: %v ================\n", testNil)
	for i, v0 := range vs {
		logT(t, "..............................................")
		logT(t, "         Testing: #%d:, %T, %#v\n", i, v0, v0)
		b0, err := testMarshalErr(v0, h, t, "v0")
		if err != nil {
			continue
		}
		if h.isBinary() {
			logT(t, "         Encoded bytes: len: %v, %v\n", len(b0), b0)
		} else {
			logT(t, "         Encoded string: len: %v, %v\n", len(string(b0)), string(b0))
			// println("########### encoded string: " + string(b0))
		}
		var v1 interface{}

		if testNil {
			err = testUnmarshal(&v1, b0, h)
		} else {
			if v0 != nil {
				v0rt := reflect.TypeOf(v0) // ptr
				rv1 := reflect.New(v0rt)
				err = testUnmarshal(rv1.Interface(), b0, h)
				v1 = rv1.Elem().Interface()
				// v1 = reflect.Indirect(reflect.ValueOf(v1)).Interface()
			}
		}

		logT(t, "         v1 returned: %T, %#v", v1, v1)
		// if v1 != nil {
		//	logT(t, "         v1 returned: %T, %#v", v1, v1)
		//	//we always indirect, because ptr to typed value may be passed (if not testNil)
		//	v1 = reflect.Indirect(reflect.ValueOf(v1)).Interface()
		// }
		if err != nil {
			logT(t, "-------- Error: %v. Partial return: %v", err, v1)
			failT(t)
			continue
		}
		v0check := vsVerify[i]
		if v0check == skipVerifyVal {
			logT(t, "        Nil Check skipped: Decoded: %T, %#v\n", v1, v1)
			continue
		}

		if err = deepEqual(v0check, v1); err == nil {
			logT(t, "++++++++ Before and After marshal matched\n")
		} else {
			// logT(t, "-------- Before and After marshal do not match: Error: %v"+
			// 	" ====> GOLDEN: (%T) %#v, DECODED: (%T) %#v\n", err, v0check, v0check, v1, v1)
			logT(t, "-------- Before and After marshal do not match: Error: %v", err)
			logT(t, "    ....... GOLDEN:  (%T) %#v", v0check, v0check)
			logT(t, "    ....... DECODED: (%T) %#v", v1, v1)
			failT(t)
		}
	}
}

func testCodecTableOne(t *testing.T, h Handle) {
	testOnce.Do(testInitAll)
	// func TestMsgpackAllExperimental(t *testing.T) {
	// dopts := testDecOpts(nil, nil, false, true, true),

	idxTime, numPrim, numMap := 19, 23, 4
	//println("#################")
	switch v := h.(type) {
	case *MsgpackHandle:
		var oldWriteExt, oldRawToString bool
		oldWriteExt, v.WriteExt = v.WriteExt, true
		oldRawToString, v.RawToString = v.RawToString, true
		doTestCodecTableOne(t, false, h, table, tableVerify)
		v.WriteExt, v.RawToString = oldWriteExt, oldRawToString
	case *JsonHandle:
		//skip []interface{} containing time.Time, as it encodes as a number, but cannot decode back to time.Time.
		//As there is no real support for extension tags in json, this must be skipped.
		doTestCodecTableOne(t, false, h, table[:numPrim], tableVerify[:numPrim])
		doTestCodecTableOne(t, false, h, table[numPrim+1:], tableVerify[numPrim+1:])
	default:
		doTestCodecTableOne(t, false, h, table, tableVerify)
	}
	// func TestMsgpackAll(t *testing.T) {

	// //skip []interface{} containing time.Time
	// doTestCodecTableOne(t, false, h, table[:numPrim], tableVerify[:numPrim])
	// doTestCodecTableOne(t, false, h, table[numPrim+1:], tableVerify[numPrim+1:])
	// func TestMsgpackNilStringMap(t *testing.T) {
	var oldMapType reflect.Type
	v := h.getBasicHandle()

	oldMapType, v.MapType = v.MapType, testMapStrIntfTyp

	//skip time.Time, []interface{} containing time.Time, last map, and newStruc
	doTestCodecTableOne(t, true, h, table[:idxTime], tableTestNilVerify[:idxTime])
	doTestCodecTableOne(t, true, h, table[numPrim+1:numPrim+numMap], tableTestNilVerify[numPrim+1:numPrim+numMap])

	v.MapType = oldMapType

	// func TestMsgpackNilIntf(t *testing.T) {

	//do newTestStruc and last element of map
	doTestCodecTableOne(t, true, h, table[numPrim+numMap:], tableTestNilVerify[numPrim+numMap:])
	//TODO? What is this one?
	//doTestCodecTableOne(t, true, h, table[17:18], tableTestNilVerify[17:18])
}

func testCodecMiscOne(t *testing.T, h Handle) {
	testOnce.Do(testInitAll)
	b, err := testMarshalErr(32, h, t, "32")
	// Cannot do this nil one, because faster type assertion decoding will panic
	// var i *int32
	// if err = testUnmarshal(b, i, nil); err == nil {
	// 	logT(t, "------- Expecting error because we cannot unmarshal to int32 nil ptr")
	// 	t.FailNow()
	// }
	var i2 int32 = 0
	err = testUnmarshalErr(&i2, b, h, t, "int32-ptr")
	if i2 != int32(32) {
		logT(t, "------- didn't unmarshal to 32: Received: %d", i2)
		t.FailNow()
	}

	// func TestMsgpackDecodePtr(t *testing.T) {
	ts := newTestStruc(0, false, !testSkipIntf, false)
	b, err = testMarshalErr(ts, h, t, "pointer-to-struct")
	if len(b) < 40 {
		logT(t, "------- Size must be > 40. Size: %d", len(b))
		t.FailNow()
	}
	if h.isBinary() {
		logT(t, "------- b: %v", b)
	} else {
		logT(t, "------- b: %s", b)
	}
	ts2 := new(TestStruc)
	err = testUnmarshalErr(ts2, b, h, t, "pointer-to-struct")
	if ts2.I64 != math.MaxInt64*2/3 {
		logT(t, "------- Unmarshal wrong. Expect I64 = 64. Got: %v", ts2.I64)
		t.FailNow()
	}

	// func TestMsgpackIntfDecode(t *testing.T) {
	m := map[string]int{"A": 2, "B": 3}
	p := []interface{}{m}
	bs, err := testMarshalErr(p, h, t, "p")

	m2 := map[string]int{}
	p2 := []interface{}{m2}
	err = testUnmarshalErr(&p2, bs, h, t, "&p2")

	if m2["A"] != 2 || m2["B"] != 3 {
		logT(t, "m2 not as expected: expecting: %v, got: %v", m, m2)
		t.FailNow()
	}
	// log("m: %v, m2: %v, p: %v, p2: %v", m, m2, p, p2)
	checkEqualT(t, p, p2, "p=p2")
	checkEqualT(t, m, m2, "m=m2")
	if err = deepEqual(p, p2); err == nil {
		logT(t, "p and p2 match")
	} else {
		logT(t, "Not Equal: %v. p: %v, p2: %v", err, p, p2)
		t.FailNow()
	}
	if err = deepEqual(m, m2); err == nil {
		logT(t, "m and m2 match")
	} else {
		logT(t, "Not Equal: %v. m: %v, m2: %v", err, m, m2)
		t.FailNow()
	}

	// func TestMsgpackDecodeStructSubset(t *testing.T) {
	// test that we can decode a subset of the stream
	mm := map[string]interface{}{"A": 5, "B": 99, "C": 333}
	bs, err = testMarshalErr(mm, h, t, "mm")
	type ttt struct {
		A uint8
		C int32
	}
	var t2 ttt
	testUnmarshalErr(&t2, bs, h, t, "t2")
	t3 := ttt{5, 333}
	checkEqualT(t, t2, t3, "t2=t3")

	// println(">>>>>")
	// test simple arrays, non-addressable arrays, slices
	type tarr struct {
		A int64
		B [3]int64
		C []byte
		D [3]byte
	}
	var tarr0 = tarr{1, [3]int64{2, 3, 4}, []byte{4, 5, 6}, [3]byte{7, 8, 9}}
	// test both pointer and non-pointer (value)
	for _, tarr1 := range []interface{}{tarr0, &tarr0} {
		bs, err = testMarshalErr(tarr1, h, t, "tarr1")
		if err != nil {
			logT(t, "Error marshalling: %v", err)
			t.FailNow()
		}
		if _, ok := h.(*JsonHandle); ok {
			logT(t, "Marshal as: %s", bs)
		}
		var tarr2 tarr
		testUnmarshalErr(&tarr2, bs, h, t, "tarr2")
		checkEqualT(t, tarr0, tarr2, "tarr0=tarr2")
		// fmt.Printf(">>>> err: %v. tarr1: %v, tarr2: %v\n", err, tarr0, tarr2)
	}

	// test byte array, even if empty (msgpack only)
	if h == testMsgpackH {
		type ystruct struct {
			Anarray []byte
		}
		var ya = ystruct{}
		testUnmarshalErr(&ya, []byte{0x91, 0x90}, h, t, "ya")
	}
}

func testCodecEmbeddedPointer(t *testing.T, h Handle) {
	testOnce.Do(testInitAll)
	type Z int
	type A struct {
		AnInt int
	}
	type B struct {
		*Z
		*A
		MoreInt int
	}
	var z Z = 4
	x1 := &B{&z, &A{5}, 6}
	bs, err := testMarshalErr(x1, h, t, "x1")
	// fmt.Printf("buf: len(%v): %x\n", buf.Len(), buf.Bytes())
	var x2 = new(B)
	err = testUnmarshalErr(x2, bs, h, t, "x2")
	err = checkEqualT(t, x1, x2, "x1=x2")
	_ = err
}

func testCodecUnderlyingType(t *testing.T, h Handle) {
	testOnce.Do(testInitAll)
	// Manual Test.
	// Run by hand, with accompanying print statements in fast-path.go
	// to ensure that the fast functions are called.
	type T1 map[string]string
	v := T1{"1": "1s", "2": "2s"}
	var bs []byte
	var err error
	NewEncoderBytes(&bs, h).MustEncode(v)
	if err != nil {
		logT(t, "Error during encode: %v", err)
		failT(t)
	}
	var v2 T1
	NewDecoderBytes(bs, h).MustDecode(&v2)
	if err != nil {
		logT(t, "Error during decode: %v", err)
		failT(t)
	}
}

func testCodecChan(t *testing.T, h Handle) {
	// - send a slice []*int64 (sl1) into an chan (ch1) with cap > len(s1)
	// - encode ch1 as a stream array
	// - decode a chan (ch2), with cap > len(s1) from the stream array
	// - receive from ch2 into slice sl2
	// - compare sl1 and sl2
	// - do this for codecs: json, cbor (covers all types)
	sl1 := make([]*int64, 4)
	for i := range sl1 {
		var j int64 = int64(i)
		sl1[i] = &j
	}
	ch1 := make(chan *int64, 4)
	for _, j := range sl1 {
		ch1 <- j
	}
	var bs []byte
	NewEncoderBytes(&bs, h).MustEncode(ch1)
	// if !h.isBinary() {
	// 	fmt.Printf("before: len(ch1): %v, bs: %s\n", len(ch1), bs)
	// }
	// var ch2 chan *int64 // this will block if json, etc.
	ch2 := make(chan *int64, 8)
	NewDecoderBytes(bs, h).MustDecode(&ch2)
	// logT(t, "Len(ch2): %v", len(ch2))
	// fmt.Printf("after:  len(ch2): %v, ch2: %v\n", len(ch2), ch2)
	close(ch2)
	var sl2 []*int64
	for j := range ch2 {
		sl2 = append(sl2, j)
	}
	if err := deepEqual(sl1, sl2); err != nil {
		logT(t, "Not Match: %v; len: %v, %v", err, len(sl1), len(sl2))
		failT(t)
	}
}

func testCodecRpcOne(t *testing.T, rr Rpc, h Handle, doRequest bool, exitSleepMs time.Duration,
) (port int) {
	testOnce.Do(testInitAll)
	if testSkipRPCTests {
		return
	}
	// rpc needs EOF, which is sent via a panic, and so must be recovered.
	if !recoverPanicToErr {
		logT(t, "EXPECTED. set recoverPanicToErr=true, since rpc needs EOF")
		t.FailNow()
	}
	srv := rpc.NewServer()
	srv.Register(testRpcInt)
	ln, err := net.Listen("tcp", "127.0.0.1:0")
	// log("listener: %v", ln.Addr())
	checkErrT(t, err)
	port = (ln.Addr().(*net.TCPAddr)).Port
	// var opts *DecoderOptions
	// opts := testDecOpts
	// opts.MapType = mapStrIntfTyp
	// opts.RawToString = false
	serverExitChan := make(chan bool, 1)
	var serverExitFlag uint64 = 0
	serverFn := func() {
		for {
			conn1, err1 := ln.Accept()
			// if err1 != nil {
			// 	//fmt.Printf("accept err1: %v\n", err1)
			// 	continue
			// }
			if atomic.LoadUint64(&serverExitFlag) == 1 {
				serverExitChan <- true
				conn1.Close()
				return // exit serverFn goroutine
			}
			if err1 == nil {
				var sc rpc.ServerCodec = rr.ServerCodec(conn1, h)
				srv.ServeCodec(sc)
			}
		}
	}

	clientFn := func(cc rpc.ClientCodec) {
		cl := rpc.NewClientWithCodec(cc)
		defer cl.Close()
		//	defer func() { println("##### client closing"); cl.Close() }()
		var up, sq, mult int
		var rstr string
		// log("Calling client")
		checkErrT(t, cl.Call("TestRpcInt.Update", 5, &up))
		// log("Called TestRpcInt.Update")
		checkEqualT(t, testRpcInt.i, 5, "testRpcInt.i=5")
		checkEqualT(t, up, 5, "up=5")
		checkErrT(t, cl.Call("TestRpcInt.Square", 1, &sq))
		checkEqualT(t, sq, 25, "sq=25")
		checkErrT(t, cl.Call("TestRpcInt.Mult", 20, &mult))
		checkEqualT(t, mult, 100, "mult=100")
		checkErrT(t, cl.Call("TestRpcInt.EchoStruct", TestRpcABC{"Aa", "Bb", "Cc"}, &rstr))
		checkEqualT(t, rstr, fmt.Sprintf("%#v", TestRpcABC{"Aa", "Bb", "Cc"}), "rstr=")
		checkErrT(t, cl.Call("TestRpcInt.Echo123", []string{"A1", "B2", "C3"}, &rstr))
		checkEqualT(t, rstr, fmt.Sprintf("%#v", []string{"A1", "B2", "C3"}), "rstr=")
	}

	connFn := func() (bs net.Conn) {
		// log("calling f1")
		bs, err2 := net.Dial(ln.Addr().Network(), ln.Addr().String())
		//fmt.Printf("f1. bs: %v, err2: %v\n", bs, err2)
		checkErrT(t, err2)
		return
	}

	exitFn := func() {
		atomic.StoreUint64(&serverExitFlag, 1)
		bs := connFn()
		<-serverExitChan
		bs.Close()
		// serverExitChan <- true
	}

	go serverFn()
	runtime.Gosched()
	//time.Sleep(100 * time.Millisecond)
	if exitSleepMs == 0 {
		defer ln.Close()
		defer exitFn()
	}
	if doRequest {
		bs := connFn()
		cc := rr.ClientCodec(bs, h)
		clientFn(cc)
	}
	if exitSleepMs != 0 {
		go func() {
			defer ln.Close()
			time.Sleep(exitSleepMs)
			exitFn()
		}()
	}
	return
}

func doTestMapEncodeForCanonical(t *testing.T, name string, h Handle) {
	v1 := map[string]interface{}{
		"a": 1,
		"b": "hello",
		"c": map[string]interface{}{
			"c/a": 1,
			"c/b": "world",
			"c/c": []int{1, 2, 3, 4},
			"c/d": map[string]interface{}{
				"c/d/a": "fdisajfoidsajfopdjsaopfjdsapofda",
				"c/d/b": "fdsafjdposakfodpsakfopdsakfpodsakfpodksaopfkdsopafkdopsa",
				"c/d/c": "poir02  ir30qif4p03qir0pogjfpoaerfgjp ofke[padfk[ewapf kdp[afep[aw",
				"c/d/d": "fdsopafkd[sa f-32qor-=4qeof -afo-erfo r-eafo 4e-  o r4-qwo ag",
				"c/d/e": "kfep[a sfkr0[paf[a foe-[wq  ewpfao-q ro3-q ro-4qof4-qor 3-e orfkropzjbvoisdb",
				"c/d/f": "",
			},
			"c/e": map[int]string{
				1:     "1",
				22:    "22",
				333:   "333",
				4444:  "4444",
				55555: "55555",
			},
			"c/f": map[string]int{
				"1":     1,
				"22":    22,
				"333":   333,
				"4444":  4444,
				"55555": 55555,
			},
		},
	}
	var v2 map[string]interface{}
	var b1, b2 []byte

	// encode v1 into b1, decode b1 into v2, encode v2 into b2, compare b1 and b2

	bh := h.getBasicHandle()
	if !bh.Canonical {
		bh.Canonical = true
		defer func() { bh.Canonical = false }()
	}

	e1 := NewEncoderBytes(&b1, h)
	e1.MustEncode(v1)
	d1 := NewDecoderBytes(b1, h)
	d1.MustDecode(&v2)
	e2 := NewEncoderBytes(&b2, h)
	e2.MustEncode(v2)
	if !bytes.Equal(b1, b2) {
		logT(t, "Unequal bytes: %v VS %v", b1, b2)
		t.FailNow()
	}
}

func doTestStdEncIntf(t *testing.T, name string, h Handle) {
	args := [][2]interface{}{
		{&TestABC{"A", "BB", "CCC"}, new(TestABC)},
		{&TestABC2{"AAA", "BB", "C"}, new(TestABC2)},
	}
	for _, a := range args {
		var b []byte
		e := NewEncoderBytes(&b, h)
		e.MustEncode(a[0])
		d := NewDecoderBytes(b, h)
		d.MustDecode(a[1])
		if err := deepEqual(a[0], a[1]); err == nil {
			logT(t, "++++ Objects match")
		} else {
			logT(t, "---- Objects do not match: y1: %v, err: %v", a[1], err)
			failT(t)
		}
	}
}

func doTestEncCircularRef(t *testing.T, name string, h Handle) {
	type T1 struct {
		S string
		B bool
		T interface{}
	}
	type T2 struct {
		S string
		T *T1
	}
	type T3 struct {
		S string
		T *T2
	}
	t1 := T1{"t1", true, nil}
	t2 := T2{"t2", &t1}
	t3 := T3{"t3", &t2}
	t1.T = &t3

	var bs []byte
	var err error

	bh := h.getBasicHandle()
	if !bh.CheckCircularRef {
		bh.CheckCircularRef = true
		defer func() { bh.CheckCircularRef = false }()
	}
	err = NewEncoderBytes(&bs, h).Encode(&t3)
	if err == nil {
		logT(t, "expecting error due to circular reference. found none")
		t.FailNow()
	}
	if x := err.Error(); strings.Contains(x, "circular") || strings.Contains(x, "cyclic") {
		logT(t, "error detected as expected: %v", x)
	} else {
		logT(t, "error detected was not as expected: %v", x)
		t.FailNow()
	}
}

// TestAnonCycleT{1,2,3} types are used to test anonymous cycles.
// They are top-level, so that they can have circular references.
type (
	TestAnonCycleT1 struct {
		S string
		TestAnonCycleT2
	}
	TestAnonCycleT2 struct {
		S2 string
		TestAnonCycleT3
	}
	TestAnonCycleT3 struct {
		*TestAnonCycleT1
	}
)

func doTestAnonCycle(t *testing.T, name string, h Handle) {
	var x TestAnonCycleT1
	x.S = "hello"
	x.TestAnonCycleT2.S2 = "hello.2"
	x.TestAnonCycleT2.TestAnonCycleT3.TestAnonCycleT1 = &x

	// just check that you can get typeInfo for T1
	rt := reflect.TypeOf((*TestAnonCycleT1)(nil)).Elem()
	rtid := reflect.ValueOf(rt).Pointer()
	pti := h.getBasicHandle().getTypeInfo(rtid, rt)
	logT(t, "pti: %v", pti)
}

// Comprehensive testing that generates data encoded from python handle (cbor, msgpack),
// and validates that our code can read and write it out accordingly.
// We keep this unexported here, and put actual test in ext_dep_test.go.
// This way, it can be excluded by excluding file completely.
func doTestPythonGenStreams(t *testing.T, name string, h Handle) {
	logT(t, "TestPythonGenStreams-%v", name)
	tmpdir, err := ioutil.TempDir("", "golang-"+name+"-test")
	if err != nil {
		logT(t, "-------- Unable to create temp directory\n")
		t.FailNow()
	}
	defer os.RemoveAll(tmpdir)
	logT(t, "tmpdir: %v", tmpdir)
	cmd := exec.Command("python", "test.py", "testdata", tmpdir)
	//cmd.Stdin = strings.NewReader("some input")
	//cmd.Stdout = &out
	var cmdout []byte
	if cmdout, err = cmd.CombinedOutput(); err != nil {
		logT(t, "-------- Error running test.py testdata. Err: %v", err)
		logT(t, "         %v", string(cmdout))
		t.FailNow()
	}

	bh := h.getBasicHandle()

	oldMapType := bh.MapType
	for i, v := range tablePythonVerify {
		// if v == uint64(0) && h == testMsgpackH {
		// 	v = int64(0)
		// }
		bh.MapType = oldMapType
		//load up the golden file based on number
		//decode it
		//compare to in-mem object
		//encode it again
		//compare to output stream
		logT(t, "..............................................")
		logT(t, "         Testing: #%d: %T, %#v\n", i, v, v)
		var bss []byte
		bss, err = ioutil.ReadFile(filepath.Join(tmpdir, strconv.Itoa(i)+"."+name+".golden"))
		if err != nil {
			logT(t, "-------- Error reading golden file: %d. Err: %v", i, err)
			failT(t)
			continue
		}
		bh.MapType = testMapStrIntfTyp

		var v1 interface{}
		if err = testUnmarshal(&v1, bss, h); err != nil {
			logT(t, "-------- Error decoding stream: %d: Err: %v", i, err)
			failT(t)
			continue
		}
		if v == skipVerifyVal {
			continue
		}
		//no need to indirect, because we pass a nil ptr, so we already have the value
		//if v1 != nil { v1 = reflect.Indirect(reflect.ValueOf(v1)).Interface() }
		if err = deepEqual(v, v1); err == nil {
			logT(t, "++++++++ Objects match: %T, %v", v, v)
		} else {
			logT(t, "-------- Objects do not match: %v. Source: %T. Decoded: %T", err, v, v1)
			logT(t, "--------   GOLDEN: %#v", v)
			// logT(t, "--------   DECODED: %#v <====> %#v", v1, reflect.Indirect(reflect.ValueOf(v1)).Interface())
			logT(t, "--------   DECODED: %#v <====> %#v", v1, reflect.Indirect(reflect.ValueOf(v1)).Interface())
			failT(t)
		}
		bsb, err := testMarshal(v1, h)
		if err != nil {
			logT(t, "Error encoding to stream: %d: Err: %v", i, err)
			failT(t)
			continue
		}
		if err = deepEqual(bsb, bss); err == nil {
			logT(t, "++++++++ Bytes match")
		} else {
			logT(t, "???????? Bytes do not match. %v.", err)
			xs := "--------"
			if reflect.ValueOf(v).Kind() == reflect.Map {
				xs = "        "
				logT(t, "%s It's a map. Ok that they don't match (dependent on ordering).", xs)
			} else {
				logT(t, "%s It's not a map. They should match.", xs)
				failT(t)
			}
			logT(t, "%s   FROM_FILE: %4d] %v", xs, len(bss), bss)
			logT(t, "%s     ENCODED: %4d] %v", xs, len(bsb), bsb)
		}
	}
	bh.MapType = oldMapType
}

// To test MsgpackSpecRpc, we test 3 scenarios:
//    - Go Client to Go RPC Service (contained within TestMsgpackRpcSpec)
//    - Go client to Python RPC Service (contained within doTestMsgpackRpcSpecGoClientToPythonSvc)
//    - Python Client to Go RPC Service (contained within doTestMsgpackRpcSpecPythonClientToGoSvc)
//
// This allows us test the different calling conventions
//    - Go Service requires only one argument
//    - Python Service allows multiple arguments

func doTestMsgpackRpcSpecGoClientToPythonSvc(t *testing.T) {
	if testSkipRPCTests {
		return
	}
	// openPorts are between 6700 and 6800
	r := rand.New(rand.NewSource(time.Now().UnixNano()))
	openPort := strconv.FormatInt(6700+r.Int63n(99), 10)
	// openPort := "6792"
	cmd := exec.Command("python", "test.py", "rpc-server", openPort, "4")
	checkErrT(t, cmd.Start())
	bs, err2 := net.Dial("tcp", ":"+openPort)
	for i := 0; i < 10 && err2 != nil; i++ {
		time.Sleep(50 * time.Millisecond) // time for python rpc server to start
		bs, err2 = net.Dial("tcp", ":"+openPort)
	}
	checkErrT(t, err2)
	cc := MsgpackSpecRpc.ClientCodec(bs, testMsgpackH)
	cl := rpc.NewClientWithCodec(cc)
	defer cl.Close()
	var rstr string
	checkErrT(t, cl.Call("EchoStruct", TestRpcABC{"Aa", "Bb", "Cc"}, &rstr))
	//checkEqualT(t, rstr, "{'A': 'Aa', 'B': 'Bb', 'C': 'Cc'}")
	var mArgs MsgpackSpecRpcMultiArgs = []interface{}{"A1", "B2", "C3"}
	checkErrT(t, cl.Call("Echo123", mArgs, &rstr))
	checkEqualT(t, rstr, "1:A1 2:B2 3:C3", "rstr=")
	cmd.Process.Kill()
}

func doTestMsgpackRpcSpecPythonClientToGoSvc(t *testing.T) {
	if testSkipRPCTests {
		return
	}
	port := testCodecRpcOne(t, MsgpackSpecRpc, testMsgpackH, false, 1*time.Second)
	//time.Sleep(1000 * time.Millisecond)
	cmd := exec.Command("python", "test.py", "rpc-client-go-service", strconv.Itoa(port))
	var cmdout []byte
	var err error
	if cmdout, err = cmd.CombinedOutput(); err != nil {
		logT(t, "-------- Error running test.py rpc-client-go-service. Err: %v", err)
		logT(t, "         %v", string(cmdout))
		t.FailNow()
	}
	checkEqualT(t, string(cmdout),
		fmt.Sprintf("%#v\n%#v\n", []string{"A1", "B2", "C3"}, TestRpcABC{"Aa", "Bb", "Cc"}), "cmdout=")
}

func TestBincCodecsTable(t *testing.T) {
	testCodecTableOne(t, testBincH)
}

func TestBincCodecsMisc(t *testing.T) {
	testCodecMiscOne(t, testBincH)
}

func TestBincCodecsEmbeddedPointer(t *testing.T) {
	testCodecEmbeddedPointer(t, testBincH)
}

func TestBincStdEncIntf(t *testing.T) {
	doTestStdEncIntf(t, "binc", testBincH)
}

func TestSimpleCodecsTable(t *testing.T) {
	testCodecTableOne(t, testSimpleH)
}

func TestSimpleCodecsMisc(t *testing.T) {
	testCodecMiscOne(t, testSimpleH)
}

func TestSimpleCodecsEmbeddedPointer(t *testing.T) {
	testCodecEmbeddedPointer(t, testSimpleH)
}

func TestSimpleStdEncIntf(t *testing.T) {
	doTestStdEncIntf(t, "simple", testSimpleH)
}

func TestMsgpackCodecsTable(t *testing.T) {
	testCodecTableOne(t, testMsgpackH)
}

func TestMsgpackCodecsMisc(t *testing.T) {
	testCodecMiscOne(t, testMsgpackH)
}

func TestMsgpackCodecsEmbeddedPointer(t *testing.T) {
	testCodecEmbeddedPointer(t, testMsgpackH)
}

func TestMsgpackStdEncIntf(t *testing.T) {
	doTestStdEncIntf(t, "msgpack", testMsgpackH)
}

func TestCborCodecsTable(t *testing.T) {
	testCodecTableOne(t, testCborH)
}

func TestCborCodecsMisc(t *testing.T) {
	testCodecMiscOne(t, testCborH)
}

func TestCborCodecsEmbeddedPointer(t *testing.T) {
	testCodecEmbeddedPointer(t, testCborH)
}

func TestCborMapEncodeForCanonical(t *testing.T) {
	doTestMapEncodeForCanonical(t, "cbor", testCborH)
}

func TestCborCodecChan(t *testing.T) {
	testCodecChan(t, testCborH)
}

func TestCborStdEncIntf(t *testing.T) {
	doTestStdEncIntf(t, "cbor", testCborH)
}

func TestJsonCodecsTable(t *testing.T) {
	testCodecTableOne(t, testJsonH)
}

func TestJsonCodecsMisc(t *testing.T) {
	testCodecMiscOne(t, testJsonH)
}

func TestJsonCodecsEmbeddedPointer(t *testing.T) {
	testCodecEmbeddedPointer(t, testJsonH)
}

func TestJsonCodecChan(t *testing.T) {
	testCodecChan(t, testJsonH)
}

func TestJsonStdEncIntf(t *testing.T) {
	doTestStdEncIntf(t, "json", testJsonH)
}

// ----- ALL (framework based) -----

func TestAllEncCircularRef(t *testing.T) {
	doTestEncCircularRef(t, "cbor", testCborH)
}

func TestAllAnonCycle(t *testing.T) {
	doTestAnonCycle(t, "cbor", testCborH)
}

// ----- RPC -----

func TestBincRpcGo(t *testing.T) {
	testCodecRpcOne(t, GoRpc, testBincH, true, 0)
}

func TestSimpleRpcGo(t *testing.T) {
	testCodecRpcOne(t, GoRpc, testSimpleH, true, 0)
}

func TestMsgpackRpcGo(t *testing.T) {
	testCodecRpcOne(t, GoRpc, testMsgpackH, true, 0)
}

func TestCborRpcGo(t *testing.T) {
	testCodecRpcOne(t, GoRpc, testCborH, true, 0)
}

func TestJsonRpcGo(t *testing.T) {
	testCodecRpcOne(t, GoRpc, testJsonH, true, 0)
}

func TestMsgpackRpcSpec(t *testing.T) {
	testCodecRpcOne(t, MsgpackSpecRpc, testMsgpackH, true, 0)
}

func TestBincUnderlyingType(t *testing.T) {
	testCodecUnderlyingType(t, testBincH)
}

// TODO:
//   Add Tests for:
//   - decoding empty list/map in stream into a nil slice/map
//   - binary(M|Unm)arsher support for time.Time (e.g. cbor encoding)
//   - text(M|Unm)arshaler support for time.Time (e.g. json encoding)
//   - non fast-path scenarios e.g. map[string]uint16, []customStruct.
//     Expand cbor to include indefinite length stuff for this non-fast-path types.
//     This may not be necessary, since we have the manual tests (fastpathEnabled=false) to test/validate with.
//   - CodecSelfer
//     Ensure it is called when (en|de)coding interface{} or reflect.Value (2 different codepaths).
//   - interfaces: textMarshaler, binaryMarshaler, codecSelfer
//   - struct tags:
//     on anonymous fields, _struct (all fields), etc
//   - codecgen of struct containing channels.
//   - bad input with large array length prefix
//
//   Cleanup tests:
//   - The are brittle in their handling of validation and skipping