etcdctl

etcdctl is a command line client for etcd.

The v3 API is used by default on master branch. For the v2 API, make sure to set environment variable ETCDCTL_API=2. See also READMEv2.

If using released versions earlier than v3.4, set ETCDCTL_API=3 to use v3 API.

Global flags (e.g., dial-timeout, --cacert, --cert, --key) can be set with environment variables:

ETCDCTL_DIAL_TIMEOUT=3s
ETCDCTL_CACERT=/tmp/ca.pem
ETCDCTL_CERT=/tmp/cert.pem
ETCDCTL_KEY=/tmp/key.pem

Prefix flag strings with ETCDCTL_, convert all letters to upper-case, and replace dash(-) with underscore(_). Note that the environment variables with the prefix ETCDCTL_ can only be used with the etcdctl global flags. Also, the environment variable ETCDCTL_API is a special case variable for etcdctl internal use only.

Key-value commands

PUT [options] <key> <value>

PUT assigns the specified value with the specified key. If key already holds a value, it is overwritten.

RPC: Put

Options

lease -- lease ID (in hexadecimal) to attach to the key.
prev-kv -- return the previous key-value pair before modification.
ignore-value -- updates the key using its current value.
ignore-lease -- updates the key using its current lease.

Output

OK

Examples

./etcdctl put foo bar --lease=1234abcd
# OK
./etcdctl get foo
# foo
# bar
./etcdctl put foo --ignore-value # to detache lease
# OK

./etcdctl put foo bar --lease=1234abcd
# OK
./etcdctl put foo bar1 --ignore-lease # to use existing lease 1234abcd
# OK
./etcdctl get foo
# foo
# bar1

./etcdctl put foo bar1 --prev-kv
# OK
# foo
# bar
./etcdctl get foo
# foo
# bar1

Remarks

If <value> isn't given as command line argument, this command tries to read the value from standard input.

When <value> begins with '-', <value> is interpreted as a flag. Insert '--' for workaround:

./etcdctl put <key> -- <value>
./etcdctl put -- <key> <value>

Providing <value> in a new line after using carriage return is not supported and etcdctl may hang in that case. For example, following case is not supported:

./etcdctl put <key>\r
<value>

A <value> can have multiple lines or spaces but it must be provided with a double-quote as demonstrated below:

./etcdctl put foo "bar1 2 3"

GET [options] <key> [range_end]

GET gets the key or a range of keys [key, range_end) if range_end is given.

RPC: Range

Options

hex -- print out key and value as hex encode string
limit -- maximum number of results
prefix -- get keys by matching prefix
order -- order of results; ASCEND or DESCEND
sort-by -- sort target; CREATE, KEY, MODIFY, VALUE, or VERSION
rev -- specify the kv revision
print-value-only -- print only value when used with write-out=simple
consistency -- Linearizable(l) or Serializable(s)
from-key -- Get keys that are greater than or equal to the given key using byte compare
keys-only -- Get only the keys

Output

<key>\n<value>\n<next_key>\n<next_value>...

Examples

First, populate etcd with some keys:

./etcdctl put foo bar
# OK
./etcdctl put foo1 bar1
# OK
./etcdctl put foo2 bar2
# OK
./etcdctl put foo3 bar3
# OK

Get the key named foo:

./etcdctl get foo
# foo
# bar

Get all keys:

./etcdctl get --from-key ''
# foo
# bar
# foo1
# bar1
# foo2
# foo2
# foo3
# bar3

Get all keys with names greater than or equal to foo1:

./etcdctl get --from-key foo1
# foo1
# bar1
# foo2
# bar2
# foo3
# bar3

Get keys with names greater than or equal to foo1 and less than foo3:

./etcdctl get foo1 foo3
# foo1
# bar1
# foo2
# bar2

Remarks

If any key or value contains non-printable characters or control characters, simple formatted output can be ambiguous due to new lines. To resolve this issue, set --hex to hex encode all strings.

DEL [options] <key> [range_end]

Removes the specified key or range of keys [key, range_end) if range_end is given.

RPC: DeleteRange

Options

prefix -- delete keys by matching prefix
prev-kv -- return deleted key-value pairs
from-key -- delete keys that are greater than or equal to the given key using byte compare

Output

Prints the number of keys that were removed in decimal if DEL succeeded.

Examples

./etcdctl put foo bar
# OK
./etcdctl del foo
# 1
./etcdctl get foo

./etcdctl put key val
# OK
./etcdctl del --prev-kv key
# 1
# key
# val
./etcdctl get key

./etcdctl put a 123
# OK
./etcdctl put b 456
# OK
./etcdctl put z 789
# OK
./etcdctl del --from-key a
# 3
./etcdctl get --from-key a

./etcdctl put zoo val
# OK
./etcdctl put zoo1 val1
# OK
./etcdctl put zoo2 val2
# OK
./etcdctl del --prefix zoo
# 3
./etcdctl get zoo2

TXN [options]

TXN reads multiple etcd requests from standard input and applies them as a single atomic transaction. A transaction consists of list of conditions, a list of requests to apply if all the conditions are true, and a list of requests to apply if any condition is false.

RPC: Txn

Options

hex -- print out keys and values as hex encoded strings.
interactive -- input transaction with interactive prompting.

Input Format

<Txn> ::= <CMP>* "\n" <THEN> "\n" <ELSE> "\n"
<CMP> ::= (<CMPCREATE>|<CMPMOD>|<CMPVAL>|<CMPVER>|<CMPLEASE>) "\n"
<CMPOP> ::= "<" | "=" | ">"
<CMPCREATE> := ("c"|"create")"("<KEY>")" <CMPOP> <REVISION>
<CMPMOD> ::= ("m"|"mod")"("<KEY>")" <CMPOP> <REVISION>
<CMPVAL> ::= ("val"|"value")"("<KEY>")" <CMPOP> <VALUE>
<CMPVER> ::= ("ver"|"version")"("<KEY>")" <CMPOP> <VERSION>
<CMPLEASE> ::= "lease("<KEY>")" <CMPOP> <LEASE>
<THEN> ::= <OP>*
<ELSE> ::= <OP>*
<OP> ::= ((see put, get, del etcdctl command syntax)) "\n"
<KEY> ::= (%q formatted string)
<VALUE> ::= (%q formatted string)
<REVISION> ::= "\""[0-9]+"\""
<VERSION> ::= "\""[0-9]+"\""
<LEASE> ::= "\""[0-9]+\""

Output

SUCCESS if etcd processed the transaction success list, FAILURE if etcd processed the transaction failure list. Prints the output for each command in the executed request list, each separated by a blank line.

Examples

txn in interactive mode:

./etcdctl txn -i
# compares:
mod("key1") > "0"

# success requests (get, put, delete):
put key1 "overwrote-key1"

# failure requests (get, put, delete):
put key1 "created-key1"
put key2 "some extra key"

# FAILURE

# OK

# OK

txn in non-interactive mode:

./etcdctl txn <<<'mod("key1") > "0"

put key1 "overwrote-key1"

put key1 "created-key1"
put key2 "some extra key"

'

# FAILURE

# OK

# OK

Remarks

When using multi-line values within a TXN command, newlines must be represented as \n. Literal newlines will cause parsing failures. This differs from other commands (such as PUT) where the shell will convert literal newlines for us. For example:

./etcdctl txn <<<'mod("key1") > "0"

put key1 "overwrote-key1"

put key1 "created-key1"
put key2 "this is\na multi-line\nvalue"

'

# FAILURE

# OK

# OK

COMPACTION [options] <revision>

COMPACTION discards all etcd event history prior to a given revision. Since etcd uses a multiversion concurrency control model, it preserves all key updates as event history. When the event history up to some revision is no longer needed, all superseded keys may be compacted away to reclaim storage space in the etcd backend database.

RPC: Compact

Options

physical -- 'true' to wait for compaction to physically remove all old revisions

Output

Prints the compacted revision.

Example

./etcdctl compaction 1234
# compacted revision 1234

WATCH [options] [key or prefix] [range_end] [--] [exec-command arg1 arg2 ...]

Watch watches events stream on keys or prefixes, [key or prefix, range_end) if range_end is given. The watch command runs until it encounters an error or is terminated by the user. If range_end is given, it must be lexicographically greater than key or "\x00".

RPC: Watch

Options

hex -- print out key and value as hex encode string
interactive -- begins an interactive watch session
prefix -- watch on a prefix if prefix is set.
prev-kv -- get the previous key-value pair before the event happens.
rev -- the revision to start watching. Specifying a revision is useful for observing past events.

Input format

Input is only accepted for interactive mode.

watch [options] <key or prefix>\n

Output

<event>[\n<old_key>\n<old_value>]\n<key>\n<value>\n<event>\n<next_key>\n<next_value>\n...

Examples

Non-interactive

./etcdctl watch foo
# PUT
# foo
# bar

ETCDCTL_WATCH_KEY=foo ./etcdctl watch
# PUT
# foo
# bar

Receive events and execute echo watch event received:

./etcdctl watch foo -- echo watch event received
# PUT
# foo
# bar
# watch event received

Watch response is set via ETCD_WATCH_* environmental variables:

./etcdctl watch foo -- sh -c "env | grep ETCD_WATCH_"

# PUT
# foo
# bar
# ETCD_WATCH_REVISION=11
# ETCD_WATCH_KEY="foo"
# ETCD_WATCH_EVENT_TYPE="PUT"
# ETCD_WATCH_VALUE="bar"

Watch with environmental variables and execute echo watch event received:

export ETCDCTL_WATCH_KEY=foo
./etcdctl watch -- echo watch event received
# PUT
# foo
# bar
# watch event received

export ETCDCTL_WATCH_KEY=foo
export ETCDCTL_WATCH_RANGE_END=foox
./etcdctl watch -- echo watch event received
# PUT
# fob
# bar
# watch event received

Interactive

./etcdctl watch -i
watch foo
watch foo
# PUT
# foo
# bar
# PUT
# foo
# bar

Receive events and execute echo watch event received:

./etcdctl watch -i
watch foo -- echo watch event received
# PUT
# foo
# bar
# watch event received

Watch with environmental variables and execute echo watch event received:

export ETCDCTL_WATCH_KEY=foo
./etcdctl watch -i
watch -- echo watch event received
# PUT
# foo
# bar
# watch event received

export ETCDCTL_WATCH_KEY=foo
export ETCDCTL_WATCH_RANGE_END=foox
./etcdctl watch -i
watch -- echo watch event received
# PUT
# fob
# bar
# watch event received

LEASE <subcommand>

LEASE provides commands for key lease management.

LEASE GRANT <ttl>

LEASE GRANT creates a fresh lease with a server-selected time-to-live in seconds greater than or equal to the requested TTL value.

RPC: LeaseGrant

Output

Prints a message with the granted lease ID.

Example

./etcdctl lease grant 60
# lease 32695410dcc0ca06 granted with TTL(60s)

LEASE REVOKE <leaseID>

LEASE REVOKE destroys a given lease, deleting all attached keys.

RPC: LeaseRevoke

Output

Prints a message indicating the lease is revoked.

Example

./etcdctl lease revoke 32695410dcc0ca06
# lease 32695410dcc0ca06 revoked

LEASE TIMETOLIVE <leaseID> [options]

LEASE TIMETOLIVE retrieves the lease information with the given lease ID.

RPC: LeaseTimeToLive

Options

keys -- Get keys attached to this lease

Output

Prints lease information.

Example

./etcdctl lease grant 500
# lease 2d8257079fa1bc0c granted with TTL(500s)

./etcdctl put foo1 bar --lease=2d8257079fa1bc0c
# OK

./etcdctl put foo2 bar --lease=2d8257079fa1bc0c
# OK

./etcdctl lease timetolive 2d8257079fa1bc0c
# lease 2d8257079fa1bc0c granted with TTL(500s), remaining(481s)

./etcdctl lease timetolive 2d8257079fa1bc0c --keys
# lease 2d8257079fa1bc0c granted with TTL(500s), remaining(472s), attached keys([foo2 foo1])

./etcdctl lease timetolive 2d8257079fa1bc0c --write-out=json
# {"cluster_id":17186838941855831277,"member_id":4845372305070271874,"revision":3,"raft_term":2,"id":3279279168933706764,"ttl":465,"granted-ttl":500,"keys":null}

./etcdctl lease timetolive 2d8257079fa1bc0c --write-out=json --keys
# {"cluster_id":17186838941855831277,"member_id":4845372305070271874,"revision":3,"raft_term":2,"id":3279279168933706764,"ttl":459,"granted-ttl":500,"keys":["Zm9vMQ==","Zm9vMg=="]}

./etcdctl lease timetolive 2d8257079fa1bc0c
# lease 2d8257079fa1bc0c already expired

LEASE LIST

LEASE LIST lists all active leases.

RPC: LeaseLeases

Output

Prints a message with a list of active leases.

Example

./etcdctl lease grant 60
# lease 32695410dcc0ca06 granted with TTL(60s)

./etcdctl lease list
32695410dcc0ca06

LEASE KEEP-ALIVE <leaseID>

LEASE KEEP-ALIVE periodically refreshes a lease so it does not expire.

RPC: LeaseKeepAlive

Output

Prints a message for every keep alive sent or prints a message indicating the lease is gone.

Example

./etcdctl lease keep-alive 32695410dcc0ca0
# lease 32695410dcc0ca0 keepalived with TTL(100)
# lease 32695410dcc0ca0 keepalived with TTL(100)
# lease 32695410dcc0ca0 keepalived with TTL(100)
...

Cluster maintenance commands

MEMBER <subcommand>

MEMBER provides commands for managing etcd cluster membership.

MEMBER ADD <memberName> [options]

MEMBER ADD introduces a new member into the etcd cluster as a new peer.

RPC: MemberAdd

Options

peer-urls -- comma separated list of URLs to associate with the new member.

Output

Prints the member ID of the new member and the cluster ID.

Example

./etcdctl member add newMember --peer-urls=https://127.0.0.1:12345

Member ced000fda4d05edf added to cluster 8c4281cc65c7b112

ETCD_NAME="newMember"
ETCD_INITIAL_CLUSTER="newMember=https://127.0.0.1:12345,default=http://10.0.0.30:2380"
ETCD_INITIAL_CLUSTER_STATE="existing"

MEMBER UPDATE <memberID> [options]

MEMBER UPDATE sets the peer URLs for an existing member in the etcd cluster.

RPC: MemberUpdate

Options

peer-urls -- comma separated list of URLs to associate with the updated member.

Output

Prints the member ID of the updated member and the cluster ID.

Example

./etcdctl member update 2be1eb8f84b7f63e --peer-urls=https://127.0.0.1:11112
# Member 2be1eb8f84b7f63e updated in cluster ef37ad9dc622a7c4

MEMBER REMOVE <memberID>

MEMBER REMOVE removes a member of an etcd cluster from participating in cluster consensus.

RPC: MemberRemove

Output

Prints the member ID of the removed member and the cluster ID.

Example

./etcdctl member remove 2be1eb8f84b7f63e
# Member 2be1eb8f84b7f63e removed from cluster ef37ad9dc622a7c4

MEMBER LIST

MEMBER LIST prints the member details for all members associated with an etcd cluster.

RPC: MemberList

Output

Prints a humanized table of the member IDs, statuses, names, peer addresses, and client addresses.

Examples

./etcdctl member list
# 8211f1d0f64f3269, started, infra1, http://127.0.0.1:12380, http://127.0.0.1:2379
# 91bc3c398fb3c146, started, infra2, http://127.0.0.1:22380, http://127.0.0.1:22379
# fd422379fda50e48, started, infra3, http://127.0.0.1:32380, http://127.0.0.1:32379

./etcdctl -w json member list
# {"header":{"cluster_id":17237436991929493444,"member_id":9372538179322589801,"raft_term":2},"members":[{"ID":9372538179322589801,"name":"infra1","peerURLs":["http://127.0.0.1:12380"],"clientURLs":["http://127.0.0.1:2379"]},{"ID":10501334649042878790,"name":"infra2","peerURLs":["http://127.0.0.1:22380"],"clientURLs":["http://127.0.0.1:22379"]},{"ID":18249187646912138824,"name":"infra3","peerURLs":["http://127.0.0.1:32380"],"clientURLs":["http://127.0.0.1:32379"]}]}

./etcdctl -w table member list
+------------------+---------+--------+------------------------+------------------------+
|        ID        | STATUS  |  NAME  |       PEER ADDRS       |      CLIENT ADDRS      |
+------------------+---------+--------+------------------------+------------------------+
| 8211f1d0f64f3269 | started | infra1 | http://127.0.0.1:12380 | http://127.0.0.1:2379  |
| 91bc3c398fb3c146 | started | infra2 | http://127.0.0.1:22380 | http://127.0.0.1:22379 |
| fd422379fda50e48 | started | infra3 | http://127.0.0.1:32380 | http://127.0.0.1:32379 |
+------------------+---------+--------+------------------------+------------------------+

ENDPOINT <subcommand>

ENDPOINT provides commands for querying individual endpoints.

Options

cluster -- fetch and use all endpoints from the etcd cluster member list

ENDPOINT HEALTH

ENDPOINT HEALTH checks the health of the list of endpoints with respect to cluster. An endpoint is unhealthy when it cannot participate in consensus with the rest of the cluster.

Output

If an endpoint can participate in consensus, prints a message indicating the endpoint is healthy. If an endpoint fails to participate in consensus, prints a message indicating the endpoint is unhealthy.

Example

Check the default endpoint's health:

./etcdctl endpoint health
# 127.0.0.1:2379 is healthy: successfully committed proposal: took = 2.095242ms

Check all endpoints for the cluster associated with the default endpoint:

./etcdctl endpoint --cluster health
# http://127.0.0.1:2379 is healthy: successfully committed proposal: took = 1.060091ms
# http://127.0.0.1:22379 is healthy: successfully committed proposal: took = 903.138µs
# http://127.0.0.1:32379 is healthy: successfully committed proposal: took = 1.113848ms

ENDPOINT STATUS

ENDPOINT STATUS queries the status of each endpoint in the given endpoint list.

Output

Simple format

Prints a humanized table of each endpoint URL, ID, version, database size, leadership status, raft term, and raft status.

JSON format

Prints a line of JSON encoding each endpoint URL, ID, version, database size, leadership status, raft term, and raft status.

Examples

Get the status for the default endpoint:

./etcdctl endpoint status
# 127.0.0.1:2379, 8211f1d0f64f3269, 3.0.0, 25 kB, false, 2, 63

Get the status for the default endpoint as JSON:

./etcdctl -w json endpoint status
# [{"Endpoint":"127.0.0.1:2379","Status":{"header":{"cluster_id":17237436991929493444,"member_id":9372538179322589801,"revision":2,"raft_term":2},"version":"3.0.0","dbSize":24576,"leader":18249187646912138824,"raftIndex":32623,"raftTerm":2}}]

Get the status for all endpoints in the cluster associated with the default endpoint:

./etcdctl -w table endpoint --cluster status
+------------------------+------------------+----------------+---------+-----------+-----------+------------+
|        ENDPOINT        |        ID        |    VERSION     | DB SIZE | IS LEADER | RAFT TERM | RAFT INDEX |
+------------------------+------------------+----------------+---------+-----------+-----------+------------+
| http://127.0.0.1:2379  | 8211f1d0f64f3269 | 3.2.0-rc.1+git |   25 kB |     false |         2 |          8 |
| http://127.0.0.1:22379 | 91bc3c398fb3c146 | 3.2.0-rc.1+git |   25 kB |     false |         2 |          8 |
| http://127.0.0.1:32379 | fd422379fda50e48 | 3.2.0-rc.1+git |   25 kB |      true |         2 |          8 |
+------------------------+------------------+----------------+---------+-----------+-----------+------------+

ENDPOINT HASHKV

ENDPOINT HASHKV fetches the hash of the key-value store of an endpoint.

Output

Simple format

Prints a humanized table of each endpoint URL and KV history hash.

JSON format

Prints a line of JSON encoding each endpoint URL and KV history hash.

Examples

Get the hash for the default endpoint:

./etcdctl endpoint hashkv
# 127.0.0.1:2379, 1084519789

Get the status for the default endpoint as JSON:

./etcdctl -w json endpoint hashkv
# [{"Endpoint":"127.0.0.1:2379","Hash":{"header":{"cluster_id":14841639068965178418,"member_id":10276657743932975437,"revision":1,"raft_term":3},"hash":1084519789,"compact_revision":-1}}]

Get the status for all endpoints in the cluster associated with the default endpoint:

./etcdctl -w table endpoint --cluster hashkv
+------------------------+------------+
|        ENDPOINT        |    HASH    |
+------------------------+------------+
| http://127.0.0.1:2379  | 1084519789 |
| http://127.0.0.1:22379 | 1084519789 |
| http://127.0.0.1:32379 | 1084519789 |
+------------------------+------------+

ALARM <subcommand>

Provides alarm related commands

ALARM DISARM

alarm disarm Disarms all alarms

RPC: Alarm

Output

alarm:<alarm type> if alarm is present and disarmed.

Examples

./etcdctl alarm disarm

If NOSPACE alarm is present:

./etcdctl alarm disarm
# alarm:NOSPACE

ALARM LIST

alarm list lists all alarms.

RPC: Alarm

Output

alarm:<alarm type> if alarm is present, empty string if no alarms present.

Examples

./etcdctl alarm list

If NOSPACE alarm is present:

./etcdctl alarm list
# alarm:NOSPACE

DEFRAG [options]

DEFRAG defragments the backend database file for a set of given endpoints while etcd is running, or directly defragments an etcd data directory while etcd is not running. When an etcd member reclaims storage space from deleted and compacted keys, the space is kept in a free list and the database file remains the same size. By defragmenting the database, the etcd member releases this free space back to the file system.

Note that defragmentation to a live member blocks the system from reading and writing data while rebuilding its states.

Note that defragmentation request does not get replicated over cluster. That is, the request is only applied to the local node. Specify all members in --endpoints flag or --cluster flag to automatically find all cluster members.

Options

data-dir -- Optional. If present, defragments a data directory not in use by etcd.

Output

For each endpoints, prints a message indicating whether the endpoint was successfully defragmented.

Example

./etcdctl --endpoints=localhost:2379,badendpoint:2379 defrag
# Finished defragmenting etcd member[localhost:2379]
# Failed to defragment etcd member[badendpoint:2379] (grpc: timed out trying to connect)

Run defragment operations for all endpoints in the cluster associated with the default endpoint:

./etcdctl defrag --cluster
Finished defragmenting etcd member[http://127.0.0.1:2379]
Finished defragmenting etcd member[http://127.0.0.1:22379]
Finished defragmenting etcd member[http://127.0.0.1:32379]

To defragment a data directory directly, use the --data-dir flag:

# Defragment while etcd is not running
./etcdctl defrag --data-dir default.etcd
# success (exit status 0)
# Error: cannot open database at default.etcd/member/snap/db

Remarks

DEFRAG returns a zero exit code only if it succeeded defragmenting all given endpoints.

SNAPSHOT <subcommand>

SNAPSHOT provides commands to restore a snapshot of a running etcd server into a fresh cluster.

SNAPSHOT SAVE <filename>

SNAPSHOT SAVE writes a point-in-time snapshot of the etcd backend database to a file.

Output

The backend snapshot is written to the given file path.

Example

Save a snapshot to "snapshot.db":

./etcdctl snapshot save snapshot.db

SNAPSHOT RESTORE [options] <filename>

SNAPSHOT RESTORE creates an etcd data directory for an etcd cluster member from a backend database snapshot and a new cluster configuration. Restoring the snapshot into each member for a new cluster configuration will initialize a new etcd cluster preloaded by the snapshot data.

Options

The snapshot restore options closely resemble to those used in the etcd command for defining a cluster.

data-dir -- Path to the data directory. Uses <name>.etcd if none given.
wal-dir -- Path to the WAL directory. Uses data directory if none given.
initial-cluster -- The initial cluster configuration for the restored etcd cluster.
initial-cluster-token -- Initial cluster token for the restored etcd cluster.
initial-advertise-peer-urls -- List of peer URLs for the member being restored.
name -- Human-readable name for the etcd cluster member being restored.
skip-hash-check -- Ignore snapshot integrity hash value (required if copied from data directory)

Output

A new etcd data directory initialized with the snapshot.

Example

Save a snapshot, restore into a new 3 node cluster, and start the cluster:

./etcdctl snapshot save snapshot.db

# restore members
bin/etcdctl snapshot restore snapshot.db --initial-cluster-token etcd-cluster-1 --initial-advertise-peer-urls http://127.0.0.1:12380  --name sshot1 --initial-cluster 'sshot1=http://127.0.0.1:12380,sshot2=http://127.0.0.1:22380,sshot3=http://127.0.0.1:32380'
bin/etcdctl snapshot restore snapshot.db --initial-cluster-token etcd-cluster-1 --initial-advertise-peer-urls http://127.0.0.1:22380  --name sshot2 --initial-cluster 'sshot1=http://127.0.0.1:12380,sshot2=http://127.0.0.1:22380,sshot3=http://127.0.0.1:32380'
bin/etcdctl snapshot restore snapshot.db --initial-cluster-token etcd-cluster-1 --initial-advertise-peer-urls http://127.0.0.1:32380  --name sshot3 --initial-cluster 'sshot1=http://127.0.0.1:12380,sshot2=http://127.0.0.1:22380,sshot3=http://127.0.0.1:32380'

# launch members
bin/etcd --name sshot1 --listen-client-urls http://127.0.0.1:2379 --advertise-client-urls http://127.0.0.1:2379 --listen-peer-urls http://127.0.0.1:12380 &
bin/etcd --name sshot2 --listen-client-urls http://127.0.0.1:22379 --advertise-client-urls http://127.0.0.1:22379 --listen-peer-urls http://127.0.0.1:22380 &
bin/etcd --name sshot3 --listen-client-urls http://127.0.0.1:32379 --advertise-client-urls http://127.0.0.1:32379 --listen-peer-urls http://127.0.0.1:32380 &

SNAPSHOT STATUS <filename>

SNAPSHOT STATUS lists information about a given backend database snapshot file.

Output

Simple format

Prints a humanized table of the database hash, revision, total keys, and size.

JSON format

Prints a line of JSON encoding the database hash, revision, total keys, and size.

Examples

./etcdctl snapshot status file.db
# cf1550fb, 3, 3, 25 kB

./etcdctl -write-out=json snapshot status file.db
# {"hash":3474280699,"revision":3,"totalKey":3,"totalSize":24576}

./etcdctl -write-out=table snapshot status file.db
+----------+----------+------------+------------+
|   HASH   | REVISION | TOTAL KEYS | TOTAL SIZE |
+----------+----------+------------+------------+
| cf1550fb |        3 |          3 | 25 kB      |
+----------+----------+------------+------------+

MOVE-LEADER <hexadecimal-transferee-id>

MOVE-LEADER transfers leadership from the leader to another member in the cluster.

Example

# to choose transferee
transferee_id=$(./etcdctl \
  --endpoints localhost:2379,localhost:22379,localhost:32379 \
  endpoint status | grep -m 1 "false" | awk -F', ' '{print $2}')
echo ${transferee_id}
# c89feb932daef420

# endpoints should include leader node
./etcdctl --endpoints ${transferee_ep} move-leader ${transferee_id}
# Error:  no leader endpoint given at [localhost:22379 localhost:32379]

# request to leader with target node ID
./etcdctl --endpoints ${leader_ep} move-leader ${transferee_id}
# Leadership transferred from 45ddc0e800e20b93 to c89feb932daef420

Concurrency commands

LOCK [options] <lockname> [command arg1 arg2 ...]

LOCK acquires a distributed mutex with a given name. Once the lock is acquired, it will be held until etcdctl is terminated.

Options

ttl - time out in seconds of lock session.

Output

Once the lock is acquired but no command is given, the result for the GET on the unique lock holder key is displayed.

If a command is given, it will be executed with environment variables ETCD_LOCK_KEY and ETCD_LOCK_REV set to the lock's holder key and revision.

Example

Acquire lock with standard output display:

./etcdctl lock mylock
# mylock/1234534535445

Acquire lock and execute echo lock acquired:

./etcdctl lock mylock echo lock acquired
# lock acquired

Acquire lock and execute etcdctl put command

./etcdctl lock mylock ./etcdctl put foo bar
# OK

Remarks

LOCK returns a zero exit code only if it is terminated by a signal and releases the lock.

If LOCK is abnormally terminated or fails to contact the cluster to release the lock, the lock will remain held until the lease expires. Progress may be delayed by up to the default lease length of 60 seconds.

ELECT [options] <election-name> [proposal]

ELECT participates on a named election. A node announces its candidacy in the election by providing a proposal value. If a node wishes to observe the election, ELECT listens for new leaders values. Whenever a leader is elected, its proposal is given as output.

Options

listen -- observe the election.

Output

If a candidate, ELECT displays the GET on the leader key once the node is elected election.
If observing, ELECT streams the result for a GET on the leader key for the current election and all future elections.

Example

./etcdctl elect myelection foo
# myelection/1456952310051373265
# foo

Remarks

ELECT returns a zero exit code only if it is terminated by a signal and can revoke its candidacy or leadership, if any.

If a candidate is abnormally terminated, election rogress may be delayed by up to the default lease length of 60 seconds.

Authentication commands

AUTH <enable or disable>

auth enable activates authentication on an etcd cluster and auth disable deactivates. When authentication is enabled, etcd checks all requests for appropriate authorization.

RPC: AuthEnable/AuthDisable

Output

Authentication Enabled.

Examples

./etcdctl user add root
# Password of root:#type password for root
# Type password of root again for confirmation:#re-type password for root
# User root created
./etcdctl user grant-role root root
# Role root is granted to user root
./etcdctl user get root
# User: root
# Roles: root
./etcdctl role add root
# Role root created
./etcdctl role get root
# Role root
# KV Read:
# KV Write:
./etcdctl auth enable
# Authentication Enabled

ROLE <subcommand>

ROLE is used to specify different roles which can be assigned to etcd user(s).

ROLE ADD <role name>

role add creates a role.

RPC: RoleAdd

Output

Role <role name> created.

Examples

./etcdctl --user=root:123 role add myrole
# Role myrole created

ROLE GET <role name>

role get lists detailed role information.

RPC: RoleGet

Output

Detailed role information.

Examples

./etcdctl --user=root:123 role get myrole
# Role myrole
# KV Read:
# foo
# KV Write:
# foo

ROLE DELETE <role name>

role delete deletes a role.

RPC: RoleDelete

Output

Role <role name> deleted.

Examples

./etcdctl --user=root:123 role delete myrole
# Role myrole deleted

ROLE LIST <role name>

role list lists all roles in etcd.

RPC: RoleList

Output

A role per line.

Examples

./etcdctl --user=root:123 role list
# roleA
# roleB
# myrole

ROLE GRANT-PERMISSION [options] <role name> <permission type> <key> [endkey]

role grant-permission grants a key to a role.

RPC: RoleGrantPermission

Options

from-key -- grant a permission of keys that are greater than or equal to the given key using byte compare
prefix -- grant a prefix permission

Output

Role <role name> updated.

Examples

Grant read and write permission on the key foo to role myrole:

./etcdctl --user=root:123 role grant-permission myrole readwrite foo
# Role myrole updated

Grant read permission on the wildcard key pattern foo/* to role myrole:

./etcdctl --user=root:123 role grant-permission --prefix myrole readwrite foo/
# Role myrole updated

ROLE REVOKE-PERMISSION <role name> <permission type> <key> [endkey]

role revoke-permission revokes a key from a role.

RPC: RoleRevokePermission

Options

from-key -- revoke a permission of keys that are greater than or equal to the given key using byte compare
prefix -- revoke a prefix permission

Output

Permission of key <key> is revoked from role <role name> for single key. Permission of range [<key>, <endkey>) is revoked from role <role name> for a key range. Exit code is zero.

Examples

./etcdctl --user=root:123 role revoke-permission myrole foo
# Permission of key foo is revoked from role myrole

USER <subcommand>

USER provides commands for managing users of etcd.

USER ADD <user name or user:password> [options]

user add creates a user.

RPC: UserAdd

Options

interactive -- Read password from stdin instead of interactive terminal

Output

User <user name> created.

Examples

./etcdctl --user=root:123 user add myuser
# Password of myuser: #type password for my user
# Type password of myuser again for confirmation:#re-type password for my user
# User myuser created

USER GET <user name> [options]

user get lists detailed user information.

RPC: UserGet

Options

detail -- Show permissions of roles granted to the user

Output

Detailed user information.

Examples

./etcdctl --user=root:123 user get myuser
# User: myuser
# Roles:

USER DELETE <user name>

user delete deletes a user.

RPC: UserDelete

Output

User <user name> deleted.

Examples

./etcdctl --user=root:123 user delete myuser
# User myuser deleted

USER LIST

user list lists detailed user information.

RPC: UserList

Output

List of users, one per line.

Examples

./etcdctl --user=root:123 user list
# user1
# user2
# myuser

USER PASSWD <user name> [options]

user passwd changes a user's password.

RPC: UserChangePassword

Options

interactive -- if true, read password in interactive terminal

Output

Password updated.

Examples

./etcdctl --user=root:123 user passwd myuser
# Password of myuser: #type new password for my user
# Type password of myuser again for confirmation: #re-type the new password for my user
# Password updated

USER GRANT-ROLE <user name> <role name>

user grant-role grants a role to a user

RPC: UserGrantRole

Output

Role <role name> is granted to user <user name>.

Examples

./etcdctl --user=root:123 user grant-role userA roleA
# Role roleA is granted to user userA

USER REVOKE-ROLE <user name> <role name>

user revoke-role revokes a role from a user

RPC: UserRevokeRole

Output

Role <role name> is revoked from user <user name>.

Examples

./etcdctl --user=root:123 user revoke-role userA roleA
# Role roleA is revoked from user userA

Utility commands

MAKE-MIRROR [options] <destination>

make-mirror mirrors a key prefix in an etcd cluster to a destination etcd cluster.

Options

dest-cacert -- TLS certificate authority file for destination cluster
dest-cert -- TLS certificate file for destination cluster
dest-key -- TLS key file for destination cluster
prefix -- The key-value prefix to mirror
dest-prefix -- The destination prefix to mirror a prefix to a different prefix in the destination cluster
no-dest-prefix -- Mirror key-values to the root of the destination cluster
dest-insecure-transport -- Disable transport security for client connections

Output

The approximate total number of keys transferred to the destination cluster, updated every 30 seconds.

Examples

./etcdctl make-mirror mirror.example.com:2379
# 10
# 18

MIGRATE [options]

Migrates keys in a v2 store to a v3 mvcc store. Users should run migration command for all members in the cluster.

Options

data-dir -- Path to the data directory
wal-dir -- Path to the WAL directory
transformer -- Path to the user-provided transformer program (default if not provided)

Output

No output on success.

Default transformer

If user does not provide a transformer program, migrate command will use the default transformer. The default transformer transforms storev2 formatted keys into mvcc formatted keys according to the following Go program:

func transform(n *storev2.Node) *mvccpb.KeyValue {
	if n.Dir {
		return nil
	}
	kv := &mvccpb.KeyValue{
		Key:            []byte(n.Key),
		Value:          []byte(n.Value),
		CreateRevision: int64(n.CreatedIndex),
		ModRevision:    int64(n.ModifiedIndex),
		Version:        1,
	}
	return kv
}

User-provided transformer

Users can provide a customized 1:n transformer function that transforms a key from the v2 store to any number of keys in the mvcc store. The migration program writes JSON formatted v2 store keys to the transformer program's stdin, reads protobuf formatted mvcc keys back from the transformer program's stdout, and finishes migration by saving the transformed keys into the mvcc store.

The provided transformer should read until EOF and flush the stdout before exiting to ensure data integrity.

Example

./etcdctl migrate --data-dir=/var/etcd --transformer=k8s-transformer
# finished transforming keys

VERSION

Prints the version of etcdctl.

Output

Prints etcd version and API version.

Examples

./etcdctl version
# etcdctl version: 3.1.0-alpha.0+git
# API version: 3.1

CHECK <subcommand>

CHECK provides commands for checking properties of the etcd cluster.

CHECK PERF [options]

CHECK PERF checks the performance of the etcd cluster for 60 seconds. Running the check perf often can create a large keyspace history which can be auto compacted and defragmented using the --auto-compact and --auto-defrag options as described below.

RPC: CheckPerf

Options

load -- the performance check's workload model. Accepted workloads: s(small), m(medium), l(large), xl(xLarge)
prefix -- the prefix for writing the performance check's keys.
auto-compact -- if true, compact storage with last revision after test is finished.
auto-defrag -- if true, defragment storage after test is finished.

Output

Prints the result of performance check on different criteria like throughput. Also prints an overall status of the check as pass or fail.

Examples

Shows examples of both, pass and fail, status. The failure is due to the fact that a large workload was tried on a single node etcd cluster running on a laptop environment created for development and testing purpose.

./etcdctl check perf --load="s"
# 60 / 60 Booooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo! 100.00%1m0s
# PASS: Throughput is 150 writes/s
# PASS: Slowest request took 0.087509s
# PASS: Stddev is 0.011084s
# PASS
./etcdctl check perf --load="l"
# 60 / 60 Booooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo! 100.00%1m0s
# FAIL: Throughput too low: 6808 writes/s
# PASS: Slowest request took 0.228191s
# PASS: Stddev is 0.033547s
# FAIL

CHECK DATASCALE [options]

CHECK DATASCALE checks the memory usage of holding data for different workloads on a given server endpoint. Running the check datascale often can create a large keyspace history which can be auto compacted and defragmented using the --auto-compact and --auto-defrag options as described below.

RPC: CheckDatascale

Options

load -- the datascale check's workload model. Accepted workloads: s(small), m(medium), l(large), xl(xLarge)
prefix -- the prefix for writing the datascale check's keys.
auto-compact -- if true, compact storage with last revision after test is finished.
auto-defrag -- if true, defragment storage after test is finished.

Output

Prints the system memory usage for a given workload. Also prints status of compact and defragment if related options are passed.

Examples

./etcdctl check datascale --load="s" --auto-compact=true --auto-defrag=true
# Start data scale check for work load [10000 key-value pairs, 1024 bytes per key-value, 50 concurrent clients].
# Compacting with revision 18346204
# Compacted with revision 18346204
# Defragmenting "127.0.0.1:2379"
# Defragmented "127.0.0.1:2379"
# PASS: Approximate system memory used : 64.30 MB.

Exit codes

For all commands, a successful execution return a zero exit code. All failures will return non-zero exit codes.

Output formats

All commands accept an output format by setting -w or --write-out. All commands default to the "simple" output format, which is meant to be human-readable. The simple format is listed in each command's Output description since it is customized for each command. If a command has a corresponding RPC, it will respect all output formats.

If a command fails, returning a non-zero exit code, an error string will be written to standard error regardless of output format.

Simple

A format meant to be easy to parse and human-readable. Specific to each command.

JSON

The JSON encoding of the command's RPC response. Since etcd's RPCs use byte strings, the JSON output will encode keys and values in base64.

Some commands without an RPC also support JSON; see the command's Output description.

Protobuf

The protobuf encoding of the command's RPC response. If an RPC is streaming, the stream messages will be concetenated. If an RPC is not given for a command, the protobuf output is not defined.

Fields

An output format similar to JSON but meant to parse with coreutils. For an integer field named Field, it writes a line in the format "Field" : %d where %d is go's integer formatting. For byte array fields, it writes "Field" : %q where %q is go's quoted string formatting (e.g., []byte{'a', '\n'} is written as "a\n").

Compatibility Support

etcdctl is still in its early stage. We try out best to ensure fully compatible releases, however we might break compatibility to fix bugs or improve commands. If we intend to release a version of etcdctl with backward incompatibilities, we will provide notice prior to release and have instructions on how to upgrade.

Input Compatibility

Input includes the command name, its flags, and its arguments. We ensure backward compatibility of the input of normal commands in non-interactive mode.

Output Compatibility

Output includes output from etcdctl and its exit code. etcdctl provides simple output format by default. We ensure compatibility for the simple output format of normal commands in non-interactive mode. Currently, we do not ensure backward compatibility for JSON format and the format in non-interactive mode. Currently, we do not ensure backward compatibility of utility commands.

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etcdctl

Key-value commands

PUT [options] <key> <value>

Options

Output

Examples

Remarks

GET [options] <key> [range_end]

Options

Output

Examples

Remarks

DEL [options] <key> [range_end]

Options

Output

Examples

TXN [options]

Options

Input Format

Output

Examples

Remarks

COMPACTION [options] <revision>

Options

Output

Example

WATCH [options] [key or prefix] [range_end] [--] [exec-command arg1 arg2 ...]

Options

Input format

Output

Examples

Non-interactive

Interactive

LEASE <subcommand>

LEASE GRANT <ttl>

Output

Example

LEASE REVOKE <leaseID>

Output

Example

LEASE TIMETOLIVE <leaseID> [options]

Options

Output

Example

LEASE LIST

Output

Example

LEASE KEEP-ALIVE <leaseID>

Output

Example

Cluster maintenance commands

MEMBER <subcommand>

MEMBER ADD <memberName> [options]

Options

Output

Example

MEMBER UPDATE <memberID> [options]

Options

Output

Example

MEMBER REMOVE <memberID>

Output

Example

MEMBER LIST

Output

Examples

ENDPOINT <subcommand>

Options

ENDPOINT HEALTH

Output

Example

ENDPOINT STATUS

Output

Simple format

JSON format

Examples

ENDPOINT HASHKV

Output

Simple format

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