etcd-io__etcd/third_party/github.com/coreos/go-raft

go-raft

Overview

This is an Go implementation of the Raft distributed consensus protocol. Raft is a protocol by which a cluster of nodes can maintain a replicated state machine. The state machine is kept in sync through the use of a replicated log.

For more details on Raft, you can read In Search of an Understandable Consensus Algorithm by Diego Ongaro and John Ousterhout.

The Raft Protocol

Overview

Maintaining state in a single process on a single server is easy. Your process is a single point of authority so there are no conflicts when reading and writing state. Even multi-threaded processes can rely on locks or coroutines to serialize access to the data.

However, in a distributed system there is no single point of authority. Servers can crash or the network between two machines can become unavailable or any number of other problems can occur.

A distributed consensus protocol is used for maintaining a consistent state across multiple servers in a cluster. Many distributed systems are built upon the Paxos protocol but Paxos can be difficult to understand and there are many gaps between Paxos and real world implementation.

An alternative is the Raft distributed consensus protocol by Diego Ongaro and John Ousterhout. Raft is a protocol built with understandability as a primary tenant and it centers around two things:

1. Leader Election
2. Replicated Log

With these two constructs, you can build a system that can maintain state across multiple servers -- even in the event of multiple failures.

Leader Election

The Raft protocol effectively works as a master-slave system whereby state changes are written to a single server in the cluster and are distributed out to the rest of the servers in the cluster. This simplifies the protocol since there is only one data authority and conflicts will not have to be resolved.

Raft ensures that there is only one leader at a time. It does this by performing elections among the nodes in the cluster and requiring that a node must receive a majority of the votes in order to become leader. For example, if you have 3 nodes in your cluster then a single node would need 2 votes in order to become the leader. For a 5 node cluster, a server would need 3 votes to become leader.

Replicated Log

To maintain state, a log of commands is maintained. Each command makes a change to the state of the server and the command is deterministic. By ensuring that this log is replicated identically between all the nodes in the cluster we can replicate the state at any point in time in the log by running each command sequentially.

Replicating the log under normal conditions is done by sending an AppendEntries RPC from the leader to each of the other servers in the cluster (called Peers). Each peer will append the entries from the leader through a 2-phase commit process which ensure that a majority of servers in the cluster have entries written to log.

For a more detailed explanation on the failover process and election terms please see the full paper describing the protocol: In Search of an Understandable Consensus Algorithm

Project Status

The go-raft library is feature complete but in alpha. There is a reference implementation called raftd that demonstrates how to use the library

The library will be considered experimental until it has significant production usage. I'm writing the library for the purpose of including distributed processing in my behavioral analytics database called Sky. However, I hope other projects can benefit from having a distributed consensus protocol so the go-raft library is available under MIT license.

If you have a project that you're using go-raft in, please add it to this README and send a pull request so others can see implementation examples. If you have any questions on implementing go-raft in your project, feel free to contact me on GitHub, Twitter or by e-mail at ben@skylandlabs.com.