docs: add Security RFC

docs: Add v2 ACL RFC

Add workflow, fix terminology, make the API JSON, and general cleanup

fixes from xiang90s comments

add permissions struct

update regarding glob matches

rename file

Documentation/rfc/api_security.md

@@ -0,0 +1,470 @@
+# v2 Auth and Security
+
+## etcd Resources 
+There are three types of resources in etcd
+
+1. user resources: users and roles in the user store
+2. key-value resources: key-value pairs in the key-value store
+3. settings resources: security settings, auth settings, and dynamic etcd cluster settings (election/heartbeat)
+
+### User Resources 
+
+#### Users
+A user is an identity to be authenticated. Each user can have multiple roles. The user has a capability on the resource if one of the roles has that capability.
+
+The special static `root` user has a ROOT role. (Caps for visual aid throughout)
+
+#### Role
+Each role has exact one associated Permission List. An permission list exists for each permission on key-value resources. A role with `manage` permission of a key-value resource can grant/revoke capability of that key-value to other roles.
+
+The special static ROOT role has a full permissions on all key-value resources, the permission to manage user resources and settings resources. Only the ROOT role has the permission to manage user resources and modify settings resources.
+
+#### Permissions
+
+There are two types of permissions, `read` and `write`. All management stems from the ROOT user.
+
+A Permission List is a list of allowed patterns for that particular permission (read or write). Only ALLOW prefixes (incidentally, this is what Amazon S3 does). DENY becomes more complicated and is TBD.
+
+### Key-Value Resources
+A key-value resource is a key-value pairs in the store. Given a list of matching patterns, permission for any given key in a request is granted if any of the patterns in the list match.
+
+The glob match rules are as follows:
+
+* `*` and `\` are special characters, representing "greedy match" and "escape" respectively.
+  * As a corrolary, `\*` and `\\` are the corresponding literal matches. 
+* All other bytes match exactly their bytes, starting always from the *first byte*. (For regex fans, `re.match` in Python) 
+* Examples:
+  * `/foo` matches only the single key/directory of `/foo`
+  * `/foo*` matches the prefix `/foo`, and all subdirectories/keys
+  * `/foo/*/bar` matches the keys bar in any (recursive) subdirectory of `/foo`.
+
+### Settings Resources
+
+Specific settings for the cluster as a whole. This can include adding and removing cluster members, enabling or disabling security, replacing certificates, and any other dynamic configuration by the administrator.
+
+## v2 Auth
+
+### Basic Auth
+We only support [Basic Auth](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_access_authentication) for the first version. Client needs to attach the basic auth to the HTTP Authorization Header. 
+
+### Authorization field for operations
+Added to requests to /v2/keys, /v2/security
+Add code 403 Forbidden to the set of responses from the v2 API
+Authorization: Basic {encoded string}
+
+### Future Work
+Other types of auth can be considered for the future (eg, signed certs, public keys) but the `Authorization:` header allows for other such types
+
+### Things out of Scope for etcd Permissions
+
+* Pluggable AUTH backends like LDAP (other Authorization tokens generated by LDAP et al may be a possiblity)
+* Very fine-grained access controls (eg: users modifying keys outside work hours)
+
+
+
+## API endpoints
+
+An Error JSON corresponds to:
+{
+  "name": "ErrErrorName",
+  "description" : "The longer helpful description of the error."
+}
+
+#### Users
+
+The User JSON object is formed as follows:
+
+```
+{
+  "user": "userName"
+  "password": "password"
+  "roles": [
+    "role1",
+    "role2"
+  ],
+  "grant": [],
+  "revoke": [],
+  "lastModified": "2006-01-02Z04:05:07"
+}
+```
+
+Password is only passed when necessary. Last Modified is set by the server and ignored in all client posts.
+
+**Get a list of users**
+
+GET/HEAD  /v2/security/user
+
+    Sent Headers:
+        Authorization: Basic <BasicAuthString>
+    Possible Status Codes:
+        200 OK
+        403 Forbidden
+    200 Headers:
+        ETag: "<hash of list of users>"
+        Content-type: application/json
+    200 Body:
+        {
+          "users": ["alice", "bob", "eve"]
+        }
+
+**Get User Details**
+
+GET/HEAD  /v2/security/users/alice
+
+    Sent Headers:
+        Authorization: Basic <BasicAuthString>
+    Possible Status Codes:
+        200 OK
+        403 Forbidden
+        404 Not Found
+    200 Headers:
+        ETag: "users/alice:<lastModified>"
+        Content-type: application/json
+    200 Body:
+        {
+          "user" : "alice"
+          "roles" : ["fleet", "etcd"]
+          "lastModified": "2015-02-05Z18:00:00"
+        }
+
+**Create A User**
+
+A user can be created with initial roles, if filled in. However, no roles are required; only the username and password fields
+
+PUT  /v2/security/users/charlie
+
+    Sent Headers:
+        Authorization: Basic <BasicAuthString>
+    Put Body:
+        JSON struct, above, matching the appropriate name and with starting roles.
+    Possible Status Codes:
+        200 OK
+        403 Forbidden
+        409 Conflict (if exists)
+    200 Headers:
+        ETag: "users/charlie:<tzNow>"
+    200 Body: (empty)
+
+**Remove A User**
+
+DELETE  /v2/security/users/charlie
+
+    Sent Headers:
+        Authorization: Basic <BasicAuthString>
+    Possible Status Codes:
+        200 OK
+        403 Forbidden
+        404 Not Found
+    200 Headers:
+    200 Body: (empty)
+
+**Grant a Role(s) to a User**
+
+PUT  /v2/security/users/charlie/grant
+
+    Sent Headers:
+        Authorization: Basic <BasicAuthString>
+    Put Body:
+        { "grantRoles" : ["fleet", "etcd"], (extra JSON data for checking OK) }
+    Possible Status Codes:
+        200 OK
+        403 Forbidden
+        404 Not Found
+        409 Conflict
+    200 Headers:
+        ETag: "users/charlie:<tzNow>"
+    200 Body: 
+        JSON user struct, updated. "roles" now contains the grants, and "grantRoles" is empty. If there is an error in the set of roles to be added, for example, a non-existent role, then 409 is returned, with an error JSON stating why.
+
+**Revoke a Role(s) from a User**
+
+PUT  /v2/security/users/charlie/revoke
+
+    Sent Headers:
+        Authorization: Basic <BasicAuthString>
+    Put Body:
+        { "revokeRoles" : ["fleet"], (extra JSON data for checking OK) }
+    Possible Status Codes:
+        200 OK
+        403 Forbidden
+        404 Not Found
+        409 Conflict
+    200 Headers:
+        ETag: "users/charlie:<tzNow>"
+    200 Body: 
+        JSON user struct, updated. "roles" now doesn't contain the roles, and "revokeRoles" is empty. If there is an error in the set of roles to be removed, for example, a non-existent role, then 409 is returned, with an error JSON stating why.
+
+**Change password**
+
+PUT  /v2/security/users/charlie/password
+
+    Sent Headers:
+        Authorization: Basic <BasicAuthString>
+    Put Body:
+        {"user": "charlie", "password": "newCharliePassword"}
+    Possible Status Codes:
+        200 OK
+        403 Forbidden
+        404 Not Found
+    200 Headers:
+        ETag: "users/charlie:<tzNow>"
+    200 Body:
+        JSON user struct, updated
+
+#### Roles
+
+A full role structure may look like this. A Permission List structure is used for the "permissions", "grant", and "revoke" keys.
+```
+{
+  "role" : "fleet",
+    "permissions" : {
+      "kv" {
+        "read" : [ "/fleet/" ],
+        "write": [ "/fleet/" ],
+      }
+    }
+    "grant" : {"kv": {...}},
+    "revoke": {"kv": {...}},
+    "members" : ["alice", "bob"],
+    "lastModified": "2015-02-05Z18:00:00"
+}
+```
+
+**Get a list of Roles**
+
+GET/HEAD  /v2/security/roles
+
+    Sent Headers:
+        Authorization: Basic <BasicAuthString>
+    Possible Status Codes:
+        200 OK
+        403 Forbidden
+    200 Headers:
+        ETag: "<hash of list of roles>"
+        Content-type: application/json
+    200 Body:
+        {
+          "roles": ["fleet", "etcd", "quay"]
+        }
+
+**Get Role Details**
+
+GET/HEAD  /v2/security/roles/fleet
+
+    Sent Headers:
+        Authorization: Basic <BasicAuthString>
+    Possible Status Codes:
+        200 OK
+        403 Forbidden
+        404 Not Found
+    200 Headers:
+        ETag: "roles/fleet:<lastModified>"
+        Content-type: application/json
+    200 Body:
+        {
+          "role" : "fleet",
+          "read": {
+            "prefixesAllowed": ["/fleet/"],
+          },
+          "write": {
+            "prefixesAllowed": ["/fleet/"],
+          },
+          "members" : ["alice", "bob"] // Reverse map optional?
+          "lastModified": "2015-02-05Z18:00:00"
+        }
+
+**Create A Role**
+
+PUT  /v2/security/roles/rocket
+
+    Sent Headers:
+        Authorization: Basic <BasicAuthString>
+    Put Body:
+        Initial desired JSON state, complete with prefixes and 
+    Possible Status Codes:
+        201 Created
+        403 Forbidden
+        404 Not Found
+        409 Conflict (if exists)
+    200 Headers:
+        ETag: "roles/rocket:<tzNow>"
+    200 Body: 
+        JSON state of the role
+
+**Remove A Role**
+
+DELETE  /v2/security/roles/rocket
+
+    Sent Headers:
+        Authorization: Basic <BasicAuthString>
+    Possible Status Codes:
+        200 OK
+        403 Forbidden
+        404 Not Found
+    200 Headers:
+    200 Body: (empty)
+
+**Update a Role’s Permission List for {read,write}ing**
+
+PUT  /v2/security/roles/rocket/update
+
+    Sent Headers:
+        Authorization: Basic <BasicAuthString>
+    Put Body:
+        {
+          "role" : "rocket",
+          "grant": {
+            "kv": {
+              "read" : [ "/rocket/"]
+            }
+          }, 
+          "revoke": {
+            "kv": {
+              "read" : [ "/fleet/"]
+            }
+          } 
+        }
+    Possible Status Codes:
+        200 OK
+        403 Forbidden
+        404 Not Found
+    200 Headers:
+        ETag: "roles/rocket:<tzNow>"
+    200 Body:
+        JSON state of the role, with change containing empty lists and the deltas applied appropriately.
+
+
+#### TBD Management modification
+
+
+## Example Workflow
+
+Let's walk through an example to show two tenants (applications, in our case) using etcd permissions.
+
+### Enable security
+
+//TODO(barakmich): Maybe this is dynamic? I don't like the idea of rebooting when we don't have to.
+
+#### Default ROOT 
+
+etcd always has a ROOT when started with security enabled. The default username is `root`, and the password is `root`. 
+
+// TODO(barakmich): if the enabling is dynamic, perhaps that'd be a good time to set a password? Thus obviating the next section.
+
+
+### Change root's password
+
+```
+PUT  /v2/security/users/root/password
+    Headers:
+        Authorization: Basic <root:root>
+    Put Body:
+        {"user" : "root", "password": "betterRootPW!"}
+```
+
+//TODO(barakmich): How do you recover the root password? *This* may require a flag and a restart. `--disable-permissions`
+
+### Create Roles for the Applications
+
+Create the rocket role fully specified:
+
+```
+PUT /v2/security/roles/rocket
+    Headers:
+        Authorization: Basic <root:betterRootPW!>
+    Body: 
+        {
+          "role" : "rocket",
+          "permissions" : {
+            "kv": {
+              "read": [
+                "/rocket/"
+              ],
+              "write": [
+                "/rocket/"
+              ]
+            }
+          }
+        }
+```
+
+But let's make fleet just a basic role for now:
+
+```
+PUT /v2/security/roles/fleet
+    Headers:
+      Authorization: Basic <root:betterRootPW!>
+    Body: 
+        {
+            "role" : "fleet",
+        }
+```
+
+### Optional: Add some permissions to the roles
+
+Well, we finally figured out where we want fleet to live. Let's fix it.
+(Note that we avoided this in the rocket case. So this step is optional.)
+
+
+```
+PUT /v2/security/roles/fleet/update
+    Headers:
+        Authorization: Basic <root:betterRootPW!>
+    Put Body:
+        {
+          "role" : "fleet",
+          "grant" : {
+            "kv" : {
+              "read": [
+                "/fleet/"
+              ]
+            }
+          }
+        }
+```
+
+### Create Users
+
+Same as before, let's use rocket all at once and fleet separately
+
+```
+PUT /v2/security/users/rocketuser
+    Headers:
+        Authorization: Basic <root:betterRootPW!>
+    Body:
+        {"user" : "rocketuser", "password" : "rocketpw", "roles" : ["rocket"]}
+```
+
+```
+PUT /v2/security/users/fleetuser
+    Headers:
+        Authorization: Basic <root:betterRootPW!>
+    Body:
+        {"user" : "fleetuser", "password" : "fleetpw"}
+```
+
+### Optional: Grant Roles to Users
+
+Likewise, let's explicitly grant fleetuser access.
+
+```
+PUT /v2/security/users/fleetuser/grant
+    Headers:
+        Authorization: Basic <root:betterRootPW!>
+    Body:
+      {"user": "fleetuser", "grant": ["fleet"]}
+```
+
+#### Start to use fleetuser and rocketuser
+
+
+For example:
+
+```
+PUT /v2/keys/rocket/RocketData
+    Headers:
+        Authorization: Basic <rocketuser:rocketpw>
+```
+
+Reads and writes outside the prefixes granted will fail with a 403 Forbidden.
+